diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index df3afc3..71fb906 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2,12 +2,181 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ab_glyph"
+version = "0.2.32"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "01c0457472c38ea5bd1c3b5ada5e368271cb550be7a4ca4a0b4634e9913f6cc2"
+dependencies = [
+ "ab_glyph_rasterizer",
+ "owned_ttf_parser",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "366ffbaa4442f4684d91e2cd7c5ea7c4ed8add41959a31447066e279e432b618"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "adler2"
 version = "2.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "320119579fcad9c21884f5c4861d16174d0e06250625266f50fe6898340abefa"
 
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5a15f179cd60c4584b8a8c596927aadc462e27f2ca70c04e0071964a73ba7a75"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom 0.3.4",
+ "once_cell",
+ "version_check",
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ddd31a130427c27518df266943a5308ed92d4b226cc639f5a8f1002816174301"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
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+ "android-properties",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "cc",
+ "jni",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "ndk",
+ "ndk-context",
+ "ndk-sys 0.6.0+11769913",
+ "num_enum",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
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+checksum = "819e7219dbd41043ac279b19830f2efc897156490d7fd6ea916720117ee66311"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
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+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
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+]
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "once_cell_polyfill",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
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+ "image",
+ "log",
+ "objc2 0.6.4",
+ "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
+ "objc2-core-foundation",
+ "objc2-core-graphics",
+ "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
+ "parking_lot",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "x11rb",
+]
+
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+
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+
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+dependencies = [
+ "libloading 0.8.9",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "atk"
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@@ -32,10 +201,37 @@ dependencies = [
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+name = "atomic-waker"
+version = "1.1.2"
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+checksum = "1505bd5d3d116872e7271a6d4e16d81d0c8570876c8de68093a09ac269d8aac0"
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+
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+checksum = "f0481a0e032742109b1133a095184ee93d88f3dc9e0d28a5d033dc77a073f44f"
+dependencies = [
+ "bit-vec",
+]
+
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+name = "bit-vec"
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2c54ff287cfc0a34f38a6b832ea1bd8e448a330b3e40a50859e6488bee07f22"
 
 [[package]]
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@@ -45,9 +241,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
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-version = "2.11.1"
+version = "2.13.0"
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-checksum = "c4512299f36f043ab09a583e57bceb5a5aab7a73db1805848e8fef3c9e8c78b3"
+checksum = "b4388bee8683e3d04af747c73422af53102d2bd24d9eadb6cbc100baef4b43f8"
 dependencies = [
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@@ -64,21 +260,78 @@ version = "0.5.1"
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 checksum = "2c132eebf10f5cad5289222520a4a058514204aed6d791f1cf4fe8088b82d15f"
 dependencies = [
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+ "objc2 0.5.2",
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+version = "0.6.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cdeb9d870516001442e364c5220d3574d2da8dc765554b4a617230d33fa58ef5"
+dependencies = [
+ "objc2 0.6.4",
+]
+
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "63044e1ae8e69f3b5a92c736ca6269b8d12fa7efe39bf34ddb06d102cf0e2cab"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "serde",
+]
+
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+
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c8efb64bd706a16a1bdde310ae86b351e4d21550d98d056f22f8a7f7a2183fec"
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+
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+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f1fe948ff07f4bd06c30984e69f5b4899c516a3ef74f34df92a2df2ab535495"
+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "1e748733b7cbc798e1434b6ac524f0c1ff2ab456fe201501e6497c8417a4fc33"
+
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 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
  "cairo-sys-rs",
  "glib",
  "libc",
  "once_cell",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
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 [[package]]
@@ -92,6 +345,44 @@ dependencies = [
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+name = "calloop"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
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+ "jobserver",
+ "libc",
+ "shlex",
+]
+
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@@ -109,39 +400,97 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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- "block",
- "cocoa-foundation",
- "core-foundation",
- "core-graphics",
- "foreign-types",
- "libc",
- "objc",
+ "error-code",
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 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
- "block",
- "core-foundation",
- "core-graphics-types",
- "objc",
+ "termcolor",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.14",
+]
+
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+
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+checksum = "7e17887fd17353b65b1b2ef1c526c83e26cd72e74f598a8dc1bee13a48f3d9f6"
+dependencies = [
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+dependencies = [
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+dependencies = [
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+checksum = "4ca0197aee26d1ae37445ee532fefce43251d24cc7c166799f4d46817f1d3973"
+dependencies = [
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+version = "0.9.4"
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 dependencies = [
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@@ -155,11 +504,11 @@ checksum = "773648b94d0e5d620f64f280777445740e61fe701025087ec8b57f45c791888b"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "0.24.0"
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 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
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@@ -168,11 +517,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.1.3"
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+checksum = "45390e6114f68f718cc7a830514a96f903cccd70d02a8f6d9f643ac4ba45afaf"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
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@@ -202,38 +551,158 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "5.0.1"
+name = "crunchy"
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+checksum = "460fbee9c2c2f33933d720630a6a0bac33ba7053db5344fac858d4b8952d77d5"
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+checksum = "f27ae1dd37df86211c42e150270f82743308803d90a6f6e6651cd730d5e1732f"
+
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+dependencies = [
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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 [[package]]
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-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.5.0"
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-checksum = "520f05a5cbd335fae5a99ff7a6ab8627577660ee5cfd6a94a6a929b52ff0321c"
+checksum = "e01a3366d27ee9890022452ee61b2b63a67e6f13f58900b651ff5665f0bb1fab"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "option-ext",
  "redox_users",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
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+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
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+dependencies = [
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+ "anstyle",
+ "env_filter",
+ "jiff",
+ "log",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
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+
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+
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@@ -253,6 +722,22 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+checksum = "5c287a33c7f0a620c38e641e7f60827713987b3c0f26e8ddc9462cc69cf75759"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+]
+
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+
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@@ -263,6 +748,44 @@ dependencies = [
  "miniz_oxide",
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+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9c4f5dac5e15c24eb999c26181a6ca40b39fe946cbe4c263c7209467bc83af2"
+
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+dependencies = [
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+]
+
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+checksum = "bbc773e24e02d4ddd8395fd30dc147524273a83e54e0f312d986ea30de5f5646"
+dependencies = [
+ "roxmltree",
+]
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "fontconfig-parser",
+ "log",
+ "memmap2",
+ "slotmap",
+ "tinyvec",
+ "ttf-parser 0.20.0",
+]
+
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@@ -290,6 +813,15 @@ version = "0.3.1"
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 checksum = "aa9a19cbb55df58761df49b23516a86d432839add4af60fc256da840f66ed35b"
 
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+checksum = "76ee7a02da4d231650c7cea31349b889be2f45ddb3ef3032d2ec8185f6313fd2"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
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@@ -410,6 +942,16 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
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@@ -421,6 +963,18 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "r-efi",
+ "wasip2",
+]
+
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@@ -437,7 +991,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "pin-project-lite",
  "smallvec",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -453,13 +1007,24 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
+name = "gl_generator"
+version = "0.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1a95dfc23a2b4a9a2f5ab41d194f8bfda3cabec42af4e39f08c339eb2a0c124d"
+dependencies = [
+ "khronos_api",
+ "log",
+ "xml-rs",
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+
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 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
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@@ -473,7 +1038,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
  "smallvec",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
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 [[package]]
@@ -500,6 +1065,27 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+checksum = "bd348e04c43b32574f2de31c8bb397d96c9fcfa1371bd4ca6d8bdc464ab121b1"
+dependencies = [
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+ "slotmap",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
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+dependencies = [
+ "gl_generator",
+]
+
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@@ -511,6 +1097,58 @@ dependencies = [
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+dependencies = [
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+ "presser",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
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+ "windows 0.52.0",
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+dependencies = [
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+ "gpu-descriptor-types",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.5",
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
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+
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@@ -563,12 +1201,47 @@ dependencies = [
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+ "crunchy",
+ "zerocopy",
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+
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+
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+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "widestring",
+ "winapi",
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+
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@@ -581,6 +1254,34 @@ version = "0.5.0"
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+
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+ "bytemuck",
+ "byteorder-lite",
+ "moxcms",
+ "num-traits",
+ "png",
+ "tiff",
+ "zune-core",
+ "zune-jpeg",
+]
+
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@@ -588,15 +1289,137 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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- "hashbrown",
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- "windows",
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "inotify-sys",
+ "libc",
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+ "jni-macros",
+ "jni-sys 0.4.1",
+ "log",
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+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "walkdir",
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+dependencies = [
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+
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+dependencies = [
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+ "libc",
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+
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+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "futures-util",
+ "once_cell",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
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@@ -605,11 +1428,48 @@ version = "0.7.0"
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 checksum = "b750dcadc39a09dbadd74e118f6dd6598df77fa01df0cfcdc52c28dece74528a"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.11.1",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "libloading 0.8.9",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
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+
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+checksum = "273c0752728918e0ac4976f2b275b6fefb9ecd400585dec929419f3844cd87b5"
+dependencies = [
+ "kqueue-sys",
+ "libc",
+]
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "libc",
+]
+
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@@ -630,7 +1490,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6e9ec52138abedcc58dc17a7c6c0c00a2bdb4f3427c7f63fa97fd0d859155caf"
 dependencies = [
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- "libloading",
+ "libloading 0.7.4",
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
@@ -651,12 +1511,25 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
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-version = "0.1.16"
+name = "libloading"
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+dependencies = [
+ "ttf-parser 0.25.1",
+]
+
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@@ -882,6 +2185,61 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+checksum = "93857453250e3077bd71ff98b6a65ea6621a19bb0f559a85248955ac12c45a1a"
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+ "lock_api",
+ "parking_lot_core",
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+
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+ "libc",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.18",
+ "smallvec",
+ "windows-link",
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+
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+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
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@@ -895,18 +2253,65 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+
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- "bitflags 1.3.2",
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+ "cfg-if",
+ "concurrent-queue",
+ "hermit-abi",
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+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
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+
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+
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+
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+checksum = "c2a106d1259c23fac8e543272398ae0e3c0b8d33c88ed73d0cc71b0f1d902618"
+dependencies = [
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+]
+
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+
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@@ -923,10 +2328,19 @@ version = "2.0.2"
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 checksum = "b00f26d3400549137f92511a46ac1cd8ce37cb5598a96d382381458b992a5d24"
 dependencies = [
- "toml_datetime",
+ "toml_datetime 0.6.3",
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+[[package]]
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+version = "3.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+dependencies = [
+ "toml_edit 0.25.12+spec-1.1.0",
+]
+
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@@ -960,6 +2374,33 @@ dependencies = [
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+[[package]]
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+
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+
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+
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+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
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@@ -970,16 +2411,124 @@ dependencies = [
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+name = "r-efi"
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-checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
+checksum = "69cdb34c158ceb288df11e18b4bd39de994f6657d83847bdffdbd7f346754b0f"
+
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+
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+
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- "getrandom",
- "libredox",
- "thiserror",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "font-types",
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+dependencies = [
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+ "memchr",
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+
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+
 [[package]]
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@@ -989,6 +2538,72 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
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+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
+]
+
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+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+
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+
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+checksum = "b6277f0217056f77f1d8f49f2950ac6c278c0d607c45f5ee99328d792ede24ec"
+dependencies = [
+ "ab_glyph",
+ "log",
+ "memmap2",
+ "smithay-client-toolkit",
+ "tiny-skia",
+]
+
 [[package]]
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 version = "1.0.28"
@@ -1034,24 +2649,131 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "2.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f8fadd59c855ef2080decdef8ff161eb6661b86933c9d82e5ba29dc602a55aba"
+
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "rustc_version",
+ "simdutf8",
+]
+
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+
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+ "read-fonts",
+]
+
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "version_check",
+]
+
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+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "calloop",
+ "calloop-wayland-source",
+ "cursor-icon",
+ "libc",
+ "log",
+ "memmap2",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "wayland-backend",
+ "wayland-client",
+ "wayland-csd-frame",
+ "wayland-cursor",
+ "wayland-protocols",
+ "wayland-protocols-wlr",
+ "wayland-scanner",
+ "xkeysym",
+]
+
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+dependencies = [
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+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+]
+
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+
+[[package]]
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+
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+checksum = "cbd59f3f359ddd2c95af4758c18270eddd9c730dde98598023cdabff472c2ca2"
+dependencies = [
+ "skrifa",
+ "yazi",
+ "zeno",
+]
+
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 name = "syn"
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@@ -1059,6 +2781,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72b64191b275b66ffe2469e8af2c1cfe3bafa67b529ead792a6d0160888b4237"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
@@ -1092,13 +2815,31 @@ version = "0.12.16"
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 checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "06794f8f6c5c898b3275aebefa6b8a1cb24cd2c6c79397ab15774837a0bc5755"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
 [[package]]
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 checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4288b5bcbc7920c07a1149a35cf9590a2aa808e0bc1eafaade0b80947865fbc4"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.18",
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 [[package]]
@@ -1112,6 +2853,71 @@ dependencies = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "2.0.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ebc4ee7f67670e9b64d05fa4253e753e016c6c95ff35b89b7941d6b856dec1d5"
+dependencies = [
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@@ -1274,6 +3524,12 @@ dependencies = [
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+name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f0805222e57f7521d6a62e36fa9163bc891acd422f971defe97d64e70d0a4fe5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-result"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -1302,6 +3558,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.52.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.59.0"
@@ -1311,6 +3576,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.61.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ae137229bcbd6cdf0f7b80a31df61766145077ddf49416a728b02cb3921ff3fc"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -1432,6 +3706,83 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winit"
+version = "0.30.13"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a6755fa58a9f8350bd1e472d4c3fcc25f824ec358933bba33306d0b63df5978d"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+ "android-activity",
+ "atomic-waker",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "block2 0.5.1",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "calloop",
+ "cfg_aliases 0.2.1",
+ "concurrent-queue",
+ "core-foundation",
+ "core-graphics",
+ "cursor-icon",
+ "dpi",
+ "js-sys",
+ "libc",
+ "memmap2",
+ "ndk",
+ "objc2 0.5.2",
+ "objc2-app-kit 0.2.2",
+ "objc2-foundation 0.2.2",
+ "objc2-ui-kit",
+ "orbclient",
+ "percent-encoding",
+ "pin-project",
+ "raw-window-handle",
+ "redox_syscall 0.4.1",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "sctk-adwaita",
+ "smithay-client-toolkit",
+ "smol_str",
+ "tracing",
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "wasm-bindgen-futures",
+ "wayland-backend",
+ "wayland-client",
+ "wayland-protocols",
+ "wayland-protocols-plasma",
+ "web-sys",
+ "web-time",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "x11-dl",
+ "x11rb",
+ "xkbcommon-dl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winiterm"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "arboard",
+ "base64",
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "bytemuck",
+ "env_logger",
+ "fontdb",
+ "image",
+ "log",
+ "mlua",
+ "muda",
+ "notify",
+ "pollster",
+ "swash",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "tray-icon",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.2",
+ "wgpu",
+ "windows 0.58.0",
+ "winit",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
 version = "0.5.40"
@@ -1441,6 +3792,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "1.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0592e1c9d151f854e6fd382574c3a0855250e1d9b2f99d9281c6e6391af352f1"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winsafe"
+version = "0.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d135d17ab770252ad95e9a872d365cf3090e3be864a34ab46f48555993efc904"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen"
+version = "0.57.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1ebf944e87a7c253233ad6766e082e3cd714b5d03812acc24c318f549614536e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "x11"
 version = "2.21.0"
@@ -1450,3 +3822,113 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pkg-config",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11-dl"
+version = "2.21.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "38735924fedd5314a6e548792904ed8c6de6636285cb9fec04d5b1db85c1516f"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "once_cell",
+ "pkg-config",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11rb"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9993aa5be5a26815fe2c3eacfc1fde061fc1a1f094bf1ad2a18bf9c495dd7414"
+dependencies = [
+ "as-raw-xcb-connection",
+ "gethostname",
+ "libc",
+ "libloading 0.8.9",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
+ "x11rb-protocol",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "x11rb-protocol"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ea6fc2961e4ef194dcbfe56bb845534d0dc8098940c7e5c012a258bfec6701bd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xcursor"
+version = "0.3.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bec9e4a500ca8864c5b47b8b482a73d62e4237670e5b5f1d6b9e3cae50f28f2b"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xkbcommon-dl"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d039de8032a9a8856a6be89cea3e5d12fdd82306ab7c94d74e6deab2460651c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.13.0",
+ "dlib",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "xkeysym",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xkeysym"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b9cc00251562a284751c9973bace760d86c0276c471b4be569fe6b068ee97a56"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xml-rs"
+version = "0.8.28"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3ae8337f8a065cfc972643663ea4279e04e7256de865aa66fe25cec5fb912d3f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yazi"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c94451ac9513335b5e23d7a8a2b61a7102398b8cca5160829d313e84c9d98be1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zeno"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dd15f8e0dbb966fd9245e7498c7e9e5055d9e5c8b676b95bd67091cd11a1e697"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.50"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b065d4f0e55f82fae73202e189638116a87c55ab6b8e6c2721e13dd9d854ad1"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.50"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b631b19d36a892ab55420c92dbc83ccd79274f25be714855d3074aa71cab639"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-core"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb8a0807f7c01457d0379ba880ba6322660448ddebc890ce29bb64da71fb40f9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-jpeg"
+version = "0.5.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "27bc9d5b815bc103f142aa054f561d9187d191692ec7c2d1e2b4737f8dbd7296"
+dependencies = [
+ "zune-core",
+]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eae7bc4..c58a424 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,27 +1,6 @@
-[package]
-name = "iwaku"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2024"
-
-[[bin]]
-name = "iwaku"
-path = "src/main.rs"
-
-[dependencies]
-windows = { version = "0.58", features = [
-    "Win32_Foundation",
-    "Win32_Graphics_Gdi",
-    "Win32_System_Com",
-    "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
-    "Win32_System_Ole",
-    "Win32_UI_Accessibility",
-    "Win32_UI_HiDpi",
-    "Win32_UI_Input_KeyboardAndMouse",
-    "Win32_UI_Magnification",
-    "Win32_UI_Shell",
-    "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
-] }
-tray-icon = "0.17"
+[workspace]
+members = ["winiterm"]
+resolver = "2"
 
 [profile.release]
 opt-level = 3
@@ -32,5 +11,7 @@ strip = true
 [profile.dev]
 opt-level = 0
 
+# Compile dependencies in release mode even in dev builds (much faster rendering)
 [profile.dev.package."*"]
 opt-level = 3
+
diff --git a/_ul b/_ul
deleted file mode 100644
index 42de59f..0000000
--- a/_ul
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-/usr/bin/bash: line 1: del: command not found
diff --git a/src/caret.rs b/src/caret.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 827c1b7..0000000
--- a/src/caret.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-use std::cell::RefCell;
-
-use windows::Win32::Foundation::{HWND, POINT};
-use windows::Win32::Graphics::Gdi::ClientToScreen;
-use windows::Win32::System::Com::SAFEARRAY;
-use windows::Win32::System::Com::{CoCreateInstance, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER};
-use windows::Win32::System::Ole::{SafeArrayGetElement, SafeArrayGetLBound, SafeArrayGetUBound};
-use windows::Win32::UI::Accessibility::{
-    CUIAutomation, IUIAutomation, IUIAutomationElement, IUIAutomationTextPattern, UIA_TextPatternId,
-};
-use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{
-    GetForegroundWindow, GetGUIThreadInfo, GetWindowThreadProcessId, GUITHREADINFO,
-};
-
-thread_local! {
-    static AUTOMATION: RefCell<Option<IUIAutomation>> = RefCell::new(None);
-}
-
-fn get_automation() -> Option<IUIAutomation> {
-    AUTOMATION.with(|cell| {
-        let mut borrow = cell.borrow_mut();
-        if borrow.is_none() {
-            unsafe {
-                *borrow = CoCreateInstance(&CUIAutomation, None, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER).ok();
-            }
-        }
-        borrow.clone()
-    })
-}
-
-pub fn get_caret_pos() -> Option<POINT> {
-    // 1. Win32 GUI-thread caret — fast, no COM. Works for classic edit controls,
-    //    Notepad, Office dialogs, conhost-based terminals, etc.
-    if let Some(pt) = get_caret_via_gui_thread() {
-        return Some(pt);
-    }
-    // 2. UI Automation — works for Word, modern browsers, WPF, UWP apps.
-    get_caret_via_uia()
-}
-
-fn get_caret_via_gui_thread() -> Option<POINT> {
-    unsafe {
-        let hwnd: HWND = GetForegroundWindow();
-        if hwnd.0.is_null() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let thread_id = GetWindowThreadProcessId(hwnd, None);
-        let mut gti = GUITHREADINFO {
-            cbSize: std::mem::size_of::<GUITHREADINFO>() as u32,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        GetGUIThreadInfo(thread_id, &mut gti).ok()?;
-        if gti.hwndCaret.0.is_null() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let mut pt = POINT {
-            x: gti.rcCaret.left,
-            y: gti.rcCaret.bottom,
-        };
-        let _ = ClientToScreen(gti.hwndCaret, &mut pt);
-        Some(pt)
-    }
-}
-
-fn get_caret_via_uia() -> Option<POINT> {
-    unsafe {
-        let automation = get_automation()?;
-        let element = automation.GetFocusedElement().ok()?;
-
-        // Try the focused element and walk up to 6 ancestors.
-        // Some apps expose TextPattern on a parent rather than the focused leaf.
-        let mut current: Option<IUIAutomationElement> = Some(element);
-        for _ in 0..7 {
-            let el = current.as_ref()?;
-            if let Some(sa) = try_text_pattern(el) {
-                return point_from_safearray(sa);
-            }
-            current = automation
-                .ControlViewWalker()
-                .ok()
-                .and_then(|w| w.GetParentElement(el).ok());
-        }
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe fn try_text_pattern(el: &IUIAutomationElement) -> Option<*mut SAFEARRAY> {
-    unsafe {
-        let pattern = el
-            .GetCurrentPatternAs::<IUIAutomationTextPattern>(UIA_TextPatternId)
-            .ok()?;
-        let ranges = pattern.GetSelection().ok()?;
-        if ranges.Length().ok()? == 0 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        ranges.GetElement(0).ok()?.GetBoundingRectangles().ok()
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe fn point_from_safearray(sa: *mut SAFEARRAY) -> Option<POINT> {
-    unsafe {
-        if sa.is_null() {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let lb = SafeArrayGetLBound(sa, 1).ok()?;
-        let ub = SafeArrayGetUBound(sa, 1).ok()?;
-        if ub - lb < 3 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let mut left: f64 = 0.0;
-        let mut top: f64 = 0.0;
-        let mut idx0 = lb;
-        let mut idx1 = lb + 1;
-        SafeArrayGetElement(sa, &mut idx0, &mut left as *mut f64 as *mut _).ok()?;
-        SafeArrayGetElement(sa, &mut idx1, &mut top as *mut f64 as *mut _).ok()?;
-        Some(POINT {
-            x: left as i32,
-            y: top as i32,
-        })
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/hook.rs b/src/hook.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 193574d..0000000
--- a/src/hook.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-use windows::Win32::Foundation::{LPARAM, LRESULT, WPARAM};
-use windows::Win32::UI::Input::KeyboardAndMouse::{
-    GetAsyncKeyState, SendInput, INPUT, INPUT_KEYBOARD, KEYBDINPUT, KEYEVENTF_KEYUP, VIRTUAL_KEY,
-    VK_F24, VK_LWIN, VK_RWIN,
-};
-use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{
-    CallNextHookEx, SetWindowsHookExW, UnhookWindowsHookEx, HHOOK, MSLLHOOKSTRUCT, WH_MOUSE_LL,
-    WM_MOUSEWHEEL,
-};
-
-use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicIsize, Ordering};
-
-pub const WM_APP_ZOOM_IN: u32 = 0x8001;
-pub const WM_APP_ZOOM_OUT: u32 = 0x8002;
-
-static MOUSE_HOOK: AtomicIsize = AtomicIsize::new(0);
-static MAIN_HWND: AtomicIsize = AtomicIsize::new(0);
-
-pub fn install(main_hwnd: windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND) {
-    MAIN_HWND.store(main_hwnd.0 as isize, Ordering::SeqCst);
-    unsafe {
-        let mh = SetWindowsHookExW(WH_MOUSE_LL, Some(mouse_hook_proc), None, 0)
-            .expect("Failed to install WH_MOUSE_LL hook");
-        MOUSE_HOOK.store(mh.0 as isize, Ordering::SeqCst);
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn uninstall() {
-    let raw = MOUSE_HOOK.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
-    if raw != 0 {
-        unsafe {
-            let _ = UnhookWindowsHookEx(HHOOK(raw as *mut _));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe extern "system" fn mouse_hook_proc(code: i32, wparam: WPARAM, lparam: LPARAM) -> LRESULT {
-    if code >= 0 && wparam.0 as u32 == WM_MOUSEWHEEL {
-        unsafe {
-            let lwin = GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LWIN.0 as i32);
-            let rwin = GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RWIN.0 as i32);
-            if (lwin < 0) || (rwin < 0) {
-                let info = &*(lparam.0 as *const MSLLHOOKSTRUCT);
-                let delta = (info.mouseData >> 16) as i16;
-
-                let hwnd_raw = MAIN_HWND.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
-                if hwnd_raw != 0 {
-                    let hwnd = windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND(hwnd_raw as *mut _);
-                    let msg = if delta > 0 {
-                        WM_APP_ZOOM_IN
-                    } else {
-                        WM_APP_ZOOM_OUT
-                    };
-                    let _ = windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::PostMessageW(
-                        hwnd,
-                        msg,
-                        WPARAM(0),
-                        LPARAM(0),
-                    );
-                }
-
-                // Inject a dummy F24 down+up between the Win key-down and the
-                // upcoming Win key-up.  Windows only opens the Start menu when
-                // Win is the *sole* key in a press/release cycle; seeing any
-                // other key in between suppresses it — no stuck key, no Start
-                // menu, no keyboard hook required.
-                inject_f24();
-
-                return LRESULT(1); // consume the scroll event
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    unsafe { CallNextHookEx(None, code, wparam, lparam) }
-}
-
-fn inject_f24() {
-    let inputs = [make_key(VK_F24, false), make_key(VK_F24, true)];
-    unsafe {
-        SendInput(&inputs, std::mem::size_of::<INPUT>() as i32);
-    }
-}
-
-fn make_key(vk: VIRTUAL_KEY, key_up: bool) -> INPUT {
-    INPUT {
-        r#type: INPUT_KEYBOARD,
-        Anonymous: windows::Win32::UI::Input::KeyboardAndMouse::INPUT_0 {
-            ki: KEYBDINPUT {
-                wVk: vk,
-                wScan: 0,
-                dwFlags: if key_up {
-                    KEYEVENTF_KEYUP
-                } else {
-                    Default::default()
-                },
-                time: 0,
-                dwExtraInfo: 0,
-            },
-        },
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/magnifier.rs b/src/magnifier.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index bc77e56..0000000
--- a/src/magnifier.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-use windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND;
-use windows::Win32::Graphics::Gdi::{
-    GetMonitorInfoW, MonitorFromWindow, MONITORINFO, MONITOR_DEFAULTTOPRIMARY,
-};
-use windows::Win32::UI::Magnification::{
-    MagInitialize, MagSetFullscreenTransform, MagUninitialize,
-};
-
-use crate::state::AppState;
-
-pub struct Magnifier {
-    screen_w: i32,
-    screen_h: i32,
-}
-
-impl Magnifier {
-    pub fn new(screen_w: i32, screen_h: i32) -> Self {
-        Self { screen_w, screen_h }
-    }
-
-    /// Apply or clear the fullscreen magnification transform.
-    pub fn update(&self, state: &mut AppState, just_activated: bool) {
-        unsafe {
-            if !state.active {
-                let _ = MagSetFullscreenTransform(1.0, 0, 0);
-                return;
-            }
-
-            let z = state.zoom;
-            let src_w = self.screen_w as f32 / z;
-            let src_h = self.screen_h as f32 / z;
-
-            state.update_viewport(
-                src_w,
-                src_h,
-                self.screen_w as f32,
-                self.screen_h as f32,
-                just_activated,
-            );
-
-            let x_off = state.viewport_x as i32;
-            let y_off = state.viewport_y as i32;
-
-            let _ = MagSetFullscreenTransform(z, x_off, y_off);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn create() -> Magnifier {
-    unsafe {
-        MagInitialize().expect("MagInitialize failed");
-        let (sw, sh) = monitor_dimensions();
-        Magnifier::new(sw, sh)
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn shutdown() {
-    unsafe {
-        let _ = MagSetFullscreenTransform(1.0, 0, 0);
-        let _ = MagUninitialize();
-    }
-}
-
-fn monitor_dimensions() -> (i32, i32) {
-    unsafe {
-        let hmon = MonitorFromWindow(HWND(std::ptr::null_mut()), MONITOR_DEFAULTTOPRIMARY);
-        let mut info = MONITORINFO {
-            cbSize: std::mem::size_of::<MONITORINFO>() as u32,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let _ = GetMonitorInfoW(hmon, &mut info);
-        let sw = info.rcMonitor.right - info.rcMonitor.left;
-        let sh = info.rcMonitor.bottom - info.rcMonitor.top;
-        (sw, sh)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index a8b964b..0000000
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-#![windows_subsystem = "windows"]
-
-mod caret;
-mod hook;
-mod magnifier;
-mod state;
-mod tray;
-
-use state::AppState;
-use windows::core::w;
-use windows::Win32::Foundation::{HINSTANCE, HWND, LPARAM, LRESULT, WPARAM};
-use windows::Win32::System::Com::{CoInitializeEx, CoUninitialize, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED};
-use windows::Win32::UI::HiDpi::{
-    SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext, DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE_V2,
-};
-use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::GetCursorPos;
-use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::WINDOW_EX_STYLE;
-use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{
-    CreateWindowExW, DefWindowProcW, DispatchMessageW, GetMessageW, PostQuitMessage,
-    RegisterClassExW, SetTimer, TranslateMessage, CS_HREDRAW, CS_VREDRAW, MSG, WM_DESTROY,
-    WM_TIMER, WNDCLASSEXW, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
-};
-
-static mut APP_STATE: Option<AppState> = None;
-static mut MAGNIFIER: Option<magnifier::Magnifier> = None;
-
-const TIMER_ID: usize = 1;
-const TIMER_MS: u32 = 16; // ~60 fps
-
-fn main() {
-    unsafe {
-        // DPI awareness — must be set before any window is created.
-        let _ = SetProcessDpiAwarenessContext(DPI_AWARENESS_CONTEXT_PER_MONITOR_AWARE_V2);
-
-        // COM initialisation needed for UI Automation (caret tracking).
-        let _ = CoInitializeEx(None, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
-        APP_STATE = Some(AppState::new());
-
-        let instance = get_instance();
-        register_msg_class(instance);
-
-        // Invisible message-only window to receive WM_APP zoom messages and WM_TIMER.
-        let msg_hwnd = CreateWindowExW(
-            WINDOW_EX_STYLE(0),
-            w!("IwakuMsg"),
-            w!(""),
-            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
-            0,
-            0,
-            0,
-            0,
-            None,
-            None,
-            instance,
-            None,
-        )
-        .expect("Failed to create message window");
-
-        // Global Win+Scroll hook.
-        hook::install(msg_hwnd);
-
-        // Fullscreen magnifier — no overlay window needed with MagSetFullscreenTransform.
-        MAGNIFIER = Some(magnifier::create());
-
-        // System tray icon.
-        let tray = tray::Tray::new();
-
-        // 16 ms refresh timer.
-        SetTimer(msg_hwnd, TIMER_ID, TIMER_MS, None);
-
-        // Message loop.
-        let mut msg = MSG::default();
-        loop {
-            if tray.process_events() {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            let ret = GetMessageW(&mut msg, None, 0, 0);
-            if ret.0 == 0 || ret.0 == -1 {
-                break;
-            }
-            let _ = TranslateMessage(&msg);
-            DispatchMessageW(&msg);
-        }
-
-        hook::uninstall();
-        magnifier::shutdown();
-        CoUninitialize();
-    }
-}
-
-/// Window procedure for the invisible message window.
-unsafe extern "system" fn wnd_proc(
-    hwnd: HWND,
-    msg: u32,
-    wparam: WPARAM,
-    lparam: LPARAM,
-) -> LRESULT {
-    unsafe {
-        match msg {
-            WM_TIMER => {
-                if wparam.0 == TIMER_ID {
-                    tick();
-                }
-                LRESULT(0)
-            }
-            m if m == hook::WM_APP_ZOOM_IN => {
-                if let Some(state) = (*std::ptr::addr_of_mut!(APP_STATE)).as_mut() {
-                    state.zoom_in();
-                }
-                LRESULT(0)
-            }
-            m if m == hook::WM_APP_ZOOM_OUT => {
-                if let Some(state) = (*std::ptr::addr_of_mut!(APP_STATE)).as_mut() {
-                    state.zoom_out();
-                }
-                LRESULT(0)
-            }
-            WM_DESTROY => {
-                PostQuitMessage(0);
-                LRESULT(0)
-            }
-            _ => DefWindowProcW(hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Called every ~16 ms: update inputs, recalculate priority, push to magnifier.
-unsafe fn tick() {
-    unsafe {
-        let state = match (*std::ptr::addr_of_mut!(APP_STATE)).as_mut() {
-            Some(s) => s,
-            None => return,
-        };
-
-        // Remember whether the magnifier was active before this tick so we
-        // can detect the exact frame it turns on and snap the smooth position.
-        let was_active = state.active;
-
-        // 1. Update cursor and caret.
-        let mut pt = windows::Win32::Foundation::POINT::default();
-        if GetCursorPos(&mut pt).is_ok() {
-            state.cursor = pt;
-        }
-        state.caret = caret::get_caret_pos();
-
-        // 2. Advance state.
-        let just_activated = state.active && !was_active;
-        state.update(just_activated);
-
-        // 3. Push the new transform.
-        if let Some(mag) = (*std::ptr::addr_of_mut!(MAGNIFIER)).as_mut() {
-            mag.update(state, just_activated);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe fn get_instance() -> HINSTANCE {
-    unsafe {
-        use windows::Win32::System::LibraryLoader::GetModuleHandleW;
-        GetModuleHandleW(None).unwrap().into()
-    }
-}
-
-unsafe fn register_msg_class(instance: HINSTANCE) {
-    unsafe {
-        let wc = WNDCLASSEXW {
-            cbSize: std::mem::size_of::<WNDCLASSEXW>() as u32,
-            style: CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW,
-            lpfnWndProc: Some(wnd_proc),
-            hInstance: instance,
-            lpszClassName: w!("IwakuMsg"),
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        RegisterClassExW(&wc);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/state.rs b/src/state.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f6bfeb..0000000
--- a/src/state.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-use windows::Win32::Foundation::POINT;
-
-pub const ZOOM_MIN: f32 = 1.5;
-pub const ZOOM_MAX: f32 = 10.0;
-pub const ZOOM_STEP: f32 = 0.5;
-
-const EDGE_MARGIN: f32 = 0.10;
-const PAN_ALPHA: f32 = 0.20;
-const ZOOM_ALPHA: f32 = 0.18;
-const ZOOM_EPSILON: f32 = 0.01;
-const CURSOR_ALPHA: f32 = 0.35;
-const MOUSE_MOVE_THRESHOLD_SQ: i32 = 6 * 6;
-const MOUSE_TAKEOVER_TICKS: u32 = 4;
-/// Ticks of mouse stillness before caret re-takes focus (if caret present). ~240 ms.
-const CARET_REFOCUS_TICKS: u32 = 15;
-
-pub struct AppState {
-    pub zoom: f32,
-    target_zoom: f32,
-    prev_zoom: f32,
-    pub active: bool,
-
-    pub cursor: POINT,
-    prev_cursor: POINT,
-    smooth_cursor_x: f32,
-    smooth_cursor_y: f32,
-
-    pub caret: Option<POINT>,
-    prev_caret: Option<POINT>,
-    pub caret_active: bool,
-    mouse_move_ticks: u32,
-    mouse_still_ticks: u32,
-
-    pub viewport_x: f32,
-    pub viewport_y: f32,
-}
-
-impl AppState {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            zoom: 1.0,
-            target_zoom: 1.0,
-            prev_zoom: 1.0,
-            active: false,
-            cursor: POINT { x: 0, y: 0 },
-            prev_cursor: POINT { x: 0, y: 0 },
-            smooth_cursor_x: 0.0,
-            smooth_cursor_y: 0.0,
-            caret: None,
-            prev_caret: None,
-            caret_active: false,
-            mouse_move_ticks: 0,
-            mouse_still_ticks: 0,
-            viewport_x: 0.0,
-            viewport_y: 0.0,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn update(&mut self, _just_activated: bool) {
-        // Animate zoom.
-        if self.active {
-            let diff = self.target_zoom - self.zoom;
-            if diff.abs() < ZOOM_EPSILON {
-                self.zoom = self.target_zoom;
-                if self.zoom <= 1.0 {
-                    self.zoom = 1.0;
-                    self.active = false;
-                }
-            } else {
-                self.zoom += diff * ZOOM_ALPHA;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Smooth cursor.
-        self.smooth_cursor_x += (self.cursor.x as f32 - self.smooth_cursor_x) * CURSOR_ALPHA;
-        self.smooth_cursor_y += (self.cursor.y as f32 - self.smooth_cursor_y) * CURSOR_ALPHA;
-
-        // Caret / mouse priority.
-        let dx = self.cursor.x - self.prev_cursor.x;
-        let dy = self.cursor.y - self.prev_cursor.y;
-        let intentional = dx * dx + dy * dy >= MOUSE_MOVE_THRESHOLD_SQ;
-
-        let caret_moved = match (self.caret, self.prev_caret) {
-            (Some(c), Some(p)) => c.x != p.x || c.y != p.y,
-            (Some(_), None) => true,
-            _ => false,
-        };
-
-        if intentional {
-            self.mouse_move_ticks += 1;
-            self.mouse_still_ticks = 0;
-        } else {
-            self.mouse_move_ticks = 0;
-            self.mouse_still_ticks += 1;
-        }
-
-        if self.mouse_move_ticks >= MOUSE_TAKEOVER_TICKS {
-            self.caret_active = false;
-            self.mouse_move_ticks = 0;
-        }
-        // Re-engage caret once mouse has been still long enough.
-        if self.mouse_still_ticks >= CARET_REFOCUS_TICKS && self.caret.is_some() {
-            self.caret_active = true;
-        }
-        if caret_moved {
-            self.caret_active = true;
-            self.mouse_move_ticks = 0;
-        }
-
-        self.prev_cursor = self.cursor;
-        self.prev_caret = self.caret;
-    }
-
-    pub fn update_viewport(
-        &mut self,
-        src_w: f32,
-        src_h: f32,
-        screen_w: f32,
-        screen_h: f32,
-        just_activated: bool,
-    ) {
-        let (fx, fy) = self.focus_point();
-        let zoom_changed = (self.zoom - self.prev_zoom).abs() > f32::EPSILON;
-        self.prev_zoom = self.zoom;
-
-        if just_activated {
-            self.viewport_x = (fx - src_w / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_w - src_w).max(0.0));
-            self.viewport_y = (fy - src_h / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_h - src_h).max(0.0));
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let (target_x, target_y) = if self.caret_active {
-            // Centre on caret while typing.
-            let tx = (fx - src_w / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_w - src_w).max(0.0));
-            let ty = (fy - src_h / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_h - src_h).max(0.0));
-            (tx, ty)
-        } else if zoom_changed {
-            let tx = (fx - src_w / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_w - src_w).max(0.0));
-            let ty = (fy - src_h / 2.0).clamp(0.0, (screen_h - src_h).max(0.0));
-            (tx, ty)
-        } else {
-            let mx = EDGE_MARGIN * src_w;
-            let my = EDGE_MARGIN * src_h;
-            let tx = self
-                .viewport_x
-                .clamp(fx - src_w + mx, fx - mx)
-                .clamp(0.0, (screen_w - src_w).max(0.0));
-            let ty = self
-                .viewport_y
-                .clamp(fy - src_h + my, fy - my)
-                .clamp(0.0, (screen_h - src_h).max(0.0));
-            (tx, ty)
-        };
-
-        self.viewport_x += (target_x - self.viewport_x) * PAN_ALPHA;
-        self.viewport_y += (target_y - self.viewport_y) * PAN_ALPHA;
-
-        // Hard-clamp every tick so the viewport never overshoots screen bounds
-        // even while the lerp is still catching up (e.g. fast zoom-out).
-        self.viewport_x = self.viewport_x.clamp(0.0, (screen_w - src_w).max(0.0));
-        self.viewport_y = self.viewport_y.clamp(0.0, (screen_h - src_h).max(0.0));
-    }
-
-    pub fn zoom_in(&mut self) {
-        if !self.active {
-            self.target_zoom = ZOOM_MIN;
-            self.zoom = 1.0;
-            self.active = true;
-        } else {
-            self.target_zoom = (self.target_zoom + ZOOM_STEP).min(ZOOM_MAX);
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn zoom_out(&mut self) {
-        if !self.active {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.target_zoom -= ZOOM_STEP;
-        if self.target_zoom < ZOOM_MIN {
-            self.target_zoom = 1.0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn focus_point(&self) -> (f32, f32) {
-        if self.caret_active {
-            if let Some(c) = self.caret {
-                return (c.x as f32, c.y as f32);
-            }
-        }
-        (self.smooth_cursor_x, self.smooth_cursor_y)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/tray.rs b/src/tray.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index cde1808..0000000
--- a/src/tray.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-use tray_icon::{
-    menu::{Menu, MenuEvent, MenuId, MenuItem},
-    TrayIcon, TrayIconBuilder,
-};
-
-pub struct Tray {
-    _icon: TrayIcon,
-    exit_id: MenuId,
-}
-
-impl Tray {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
-        let toggle_item = MenuItem::new("Toggle", true, None);
-        let exit_item = MenuItem::new("Exit", true, None);
-
-        let exit_id = exit_item.id().clone();
-
-        let menu = Menu::new();
-        menu.append(&toggle_item)
-            .expect("Failed to append toggle item");
-        menu.append(&exit_item).expect("Failed to append exit item");
-
-        let icon = make_icon();
-
-        let tray = TrayIconBuilder::new()
-            .with_menu(Box::new(menu))
-            .with_tooltip("iwaku magnifier")
-            .with_icon(icon)
-            .build()
-            .expect("Failed to build tray icon");
-
-        Self {
-            _icon: tray,
-            exit_id,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns `true` if the app should exit.
-    pub fn process_events(&self) -> bool {
-        if let Ok(event) = MenuEvent::receiver().try_recv() {
-            if event.id == self.exit_id {
-                return true;
-            }
-        }
-        false
-    }
-}
-
-fn make_icon() -> tray_icon::Icon {
-    const SIZE: usize = 16;
-    let mut rgba = vec![0u8; SIZE * SIZE * 4];
-
-    for y in 0..SIZE {
-        for x in 0..SIZE {
-            let idx = (y * SIZE + x) * 4;
-            let cx = x as f32 - 7.5;
-            let cy = y as f32 - 7.5;
-            let dist = (cx * cx + cy * cy).sqrt();
-            if (dist - 5.5).abs() < 1.5 {
-                rgba[idx] = 255;
-                rgba[idx + 1] = 255;
-                rgba[idx + 2] = 255;
-                rgba[idx + 3] = 255;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    tray_icon::Icon::from_rgba(rgba, SIZE as u32, SIZE as u32)
-        .expect("Failed to create tray icon from RGBA")
-}
diff --git a/winiterm.log b/winiterm.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/winiterm/Cargo.toml b/winiterm/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e780ed4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+[package]
+name = "winiterm"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[lib]
+name = "winiterm"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "winiterm"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "bench_process"
+path = "src/bin/bench_process.rs"
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "bench_render"
+path = "src/bin/bench_render.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+# Windows API — PTY (ConPTY), process management, DWM transparency
+windows = { version = "0.58", features = [
+    "Win32_Foundation",
+    "Win32_Security",
+    "Win32_System_Console",
+    "Win32_System_Threading",
+    "Win32_System_Pipes",
+    "Win32_Graphics_Dwm",
+    "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
+]}
+
+# Error handling
+thiserror = "2"
+
+# Logging
+log = "0.4"
+env_logger = "0.11"
+
+# Compact bitfield attributes for terminal cells
+bitflags = "2"
+
+# Window creation and OS event loop
+winit = "0.30"
+
+# GPU rendering (DirectX 12 on Windows via wgpu)
+wgpu = { version = "22", features = ["wgsl"] }
+
+# Minimal async executor for wgpu initialisation
+pollster = "0.3"
+
+# Font discovery (scans C:\Windows\Fonts, pure Rust)
+fontdb = "0.16"
+
+# Font rendering: glyph rasterisation + COLR emoji (pure Rust)
+swash = "0.1"
+
+# Cast structs to byte slices for GPU buffer uploads
+bytemuck = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+
+# Lua 5.4 scripting — config + plugin/event system (Phase 5 & 6)
+mlua = { version = "0.10", features = ["lua54", "vendored"] }
+
+# Filesystem watcher for Lua config hot-reload (Phase 5)
+notify = "6"
+
+# System tray icon for persistence mode (Phase 11)
+tray-icon = "0.24"
+
+# Context menu for the system tray (right-click Show / Quit)
+muda = "0.19"
+
+# Image decoding for Kitty Graphics Protocol (Phase 9)
+image = { version = "0.25", default-features = false, features = ["png", "jpeg"] }
+
+# base64 decoding for Kitty image data (Phase 9)
+base64 = "0.22"
+
+# Clipboard read/write for Ctrl+Shift+V paste
+arboard = "3"
+
+# Unicode character display-width (0=combining, 1=normal, 2=wide/CJK)
+unicode-width = "0.2"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+# Enable per-frame GPU timing instrumentation overlay (Phase 12)
+render_timing = []
+# Strip all logging in release builds
+production = ["log/release_max_level_off"]
+
diff --git a/winiterm/default_config.lua b/winiterm/default_config.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca44c7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/default_config.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+-- winiterm configuration
+-- Location: %APPDATA%\winiterm\config.lua
+--
+-- This file is loaded at startup and hot-reloaded whenever it changes.
+-- Return a plain table; unknown keys are ignored.
+
+return {
+    -- Base font size in logical pixels.
+    -- The actual pixel size is scaled by the display's DPI factor.
+    font_size = 16.0,
+
+    -- Active colour scheme (case-insensitive).
+    -- Built-in choices: monokai, nord, dracula, one_dark, solarized_dark, gruvbox
+    color_scheme = "monokai",
+
+    -- Shell executable to spawn in each pane.
+    -- nil = auto-detect: tries pwsh.exe → powershell.exe → cmd.exe
+    shell = nil,
+
+    -- Number of scrollback lines to retain per pane.
+    scrollback_lines = 10000,
+
+    -- Attempt to enable the Windows 11 Mica system backdrop.
+    -- Requires Windows 11 22H2 or later; silently ignored on older versions.
+    enable_mica = false,
+
+    -- Show a system-tray icon so winiterm persists when all windows are closed.
+    tray_icon = false,
+
+    -- Window opacity in [0.0, 1.0].
+    -- 1.0 = fully opaque (default).  Values below 1.0 require a compositor.
+    opacity = 1.0,
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/app.rs b/winiterm/src/app.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4a03d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/app.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+//! Application entry point (Phase 4 rewrite).
+//!
+//! [`App`] implements winit's [`ApplicationHandler`] trait.
+//!
+//! Lifecycle:
+//! * `new()` — loads config, sets up filesystem watcher for hot-reload,
+//!   initialises Lua API.
+//! * `resumed()` — creates the window, renderer, workspace (shell PTY).
+//! * `window_event()` — handles keyboard input, resize, redraw.
+//! * `about_to_wait()` — drains PTY output, polls config changes, requests
+//!   redraw on dirty state.
+
+use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc};
+
+use winit::application::ApplicationHandler;
+use winit::event::{ElementState, Modifiers, WindowEvent};
+use winit::event_loop::{ActiveEventLoop, ControlFlow, EventLoop};
+use winit::window::{Window, WindowId};
+
+use crate::config::Config;
+use crate::input::{key_to_action, InputAction};
+use crate::lua_api::LuaApi;
+use crate::renderer::Renderer;
+use crate::split::SplitDir;
+use crate::terminal::TerminalModes;
+use crate::tray::TrayHandle;
+use crate::workspace::Workspace;
+
+// ─── App ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct App {
+    // Configuration — loaded at startup, can be hot-reloaded.
+    config: Config,
+    // winit / GPU / workspace.
+    window: Option<Arc<Window>>,
+    renderer: Option<Renderer>,
+    workspace: Option<Workspace>,
+    modifiers: Modifiers,
+    // Tray icon handle (keeps the icon alive).
+    _tray: Option<TrayHandle>,
+    // Filesystem watcher for config hot-reload.
+    _watcher: Option<notify::RecommendedWatcher>,
+    config_rx: Option<mpsc::Receiver<notify::Result<notify::Event>>>,
+    // Lua event hook system.
+    lua: Option<LuaApi>,
+}
+
+impl App {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let config = Config::load();
+
+        // ── Config file watcher (notify) ──────────────────────────────────────
+        let (watcher, config_rx) = setup_watcher(&config);
+
+        // ── Lua API ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let lua = match LuaApi::new() {
+            Ok(api) => {
+                // Execute the config file in the Lua VM so that
+                // `winiterm.on(...)` hooks defined there actually fire (C1).
+                if let Err(e) = api.exec_config(&Config::config_path()) {
+                    log::warn!("Lua config exec error: {e}");
+                }
+                Some(api)
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("failed to create Lua state: {e}");
+                None
+            }
+        };
+
+        // ── Tray icon ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let tray = if config.tray_icon {
+            crate::tray::create_tray_icon()
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            config,
+            window: None,
+            renderer: None,
+            workspace: None,
+            modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
+            _tray: tray,
+            _watcher: watcher,
+            config_rx,
+            lua,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn run() {
+        let event_loop = EventLoop::new().expect("failed to create event loop");
+        event_loop.set_control_flow(ControlFlow::Poll);
+        let mut app = Self::new();
+        event_loop.run_app(&mut app).expect("event loop error");
+    }
+
+    // ── Private helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Apply a freshly loaded config to the live renderer and workspace.
+    fn apply_config_reload(&mut self, new_config: Config) {
+        // C1: clear existing Lua hooks then re-execute the config file so that
+        // any `winiterm.on(...)` registrations don't accumulate across reloads.
+        if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+            lua.clear_hooks();
+            if let Err(e) = lua.exec_config(&Config::config_path()) {
+                log::warn!("Lua config exec error on reload: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(renderer) = &mut self.renderer {
+            renderer.set_color_scheme(new_config.color_scheme());
+        }
+        self.config = new_config;
+        // C2: notify Lua scripts that the config was reloaded.
+        if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+            lua.dispatch("config_reloaded", "");
+        }
+        log::info!("config reloaded");
+    }
+
+    /// Poll the config watcher channel and reload if the file was modified.
+    fn poll_config_reload(&mut self) {
+        let changed = if let Some(rx) = &self.config_rx {
+            rx.try_recv()
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|res| res.ok())
+                .map(|ev| matches!(ev.kind, notify::EventKind::Modify(_)))
+                .unwrap_or(false)
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+        if changed {
+            let new_cfg = Config::load();
+            self.apply_config_reload(new_cfg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for App {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── ApplicationHandler ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl ApplicationHandler for App {
+    fn resumed(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let window_attrs = Window::default_attributes()
+            .with_title("winiterm")
+            .with_inner_size(winit::dpi::LogicalSize::new(1200u32, 800u32));
+
+        let window = Arc::new(
+            event_loop
+                .create_window(window_attrs)
+                .expect("failed to create window"),
+        );
+
+        // Optionally enable Windows 11 Mica backdrop.
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        if self.config.enable_mica {
+            enable_mica_for_window(&window);
+        }
+
+        // Apply configured window opacity (layered window alpha).
+        #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+        if self.config.opacity < 1.0 {
+            apply_window_opacity(&window, self.config.opacity);
+        }
+
+        let mut renderer = Renderer::new(window.clone(), self.config.font_size);
+        renderer.set_color_scheme(self.config.color_scheme());
+
+        let (cols, rows) = renderer.terminal_size();
+
+        let workspace = Workspace::new(
+            self.config.shell_ref(),
+            cols,
+            rows,
+            self.config.scrollback_lines,
+        );
+
+        self.window = Some(window);
+        self.renderer = Some(renderer);
+        self.workspace = Some(workspace);
+
+        // C2: dispatch startup event so Lua config hooks can run once the
+        // window and workspace are live.
+        if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+            lua.dispatch("startup", "");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn window_event(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop, _id: WindowId, event: WindowEvent) {
+        match event {
+            // ── Window management ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+            WindowEvent::CloseRequested => {
+                if self.config.tray_icon {
+                    // D1: hide to tray instead of exiting.
+                    if let Some(win) = &self.window {
+                        win.set_visible(false);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    event_loop.exit();
+                }
+            }
+
+            WindowEvent::Resized(size) => {
+                if let Some(renderer) = &mut self.renderer {
+                    renderer.resize(size.width, size.height);
+                    if let Some(workspace) = &mut self.workspace {
+                        workspace.resize_all(
+                            size.width as f32,
+                            size.height as f32,
+                            renderer.cell_width,
+                            renderer.cell_height,
+                            renderer.cell_height, // tab bar = one cell row
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ── Input ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            WindowEvent::ModifiersChanged(mods) => {
+                self.modifiers = mods;
+            }
+
+            WindowEvent::KeyboardInput { event, .. } => {
+                if event.state == ElementState::Pressed {
+                    let decckm = self
+                        .workspace
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .and_then(|ws| ws.active_pane())
+                        .map(|p| p.terminal.modes.contains(TerminalModes::DECCKM))
+                        .unwrap_or(false);
+                    if let Some(action) = key_to_action(&event, &self.modifiers, decckm) {
+                        self.dispatch_action(action, event_loop);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ── Render ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+                if let (Some(renderer), Some(workspace)) =
+                    (self.renderer.as_mut(), self.workspace.as_mut())
+                {
+                    renderer.render_workspace(workspace);
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn about_to_wait(&mut self, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        // Drain PTY output.
+        let dirty = self
+            .workspace
+            .as_mut()
+            .map(|ws| ws.process_all_output())
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+
+        // Exit if all shells have died.
+        if self
+            .workspace
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|ws| ws.is_empty())
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            log::info!("all panes dead — exiting");
+            event_loop.exit();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Poll config hot-reload.
+        self.poll_config_reload();
+
+        // Poll tray events.
+        if let Some(tray) = &self._tray {
+            match crate::tray::poll_events(tray) {
+                Some(crate::tray::TrayAction::Show) => {
+                    if let Some(win) = &self.window {
+                        win.set_visible(true);
+                        let _ = win.request_inner_size(win.inner_size());
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(crate::tray::TrayAction::Quit) => {
+                    event_loop.exit();
+                }
+                None => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        if dirty {
+            if let Some(window) = &self.window {
+                window.request_redraw();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Action dispatch ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+impl App {
+    fn dispatch_action(&mut self, action: InputAction, event_loop: &ActiveEventLoop) {
+        let shell = self.config.shell.clone();
+        let scrollback = self.config.scrollback_lines;
+
+        match action {
+            InputAction::Bytes(bytes) => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    // Any keystroke snaps the viewport back to live output.
+                    ws.scroll_to_bottom_active();
+                    ws.write_to_active(&bytes);
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::Paste => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &self.workspace {
+                    match arboard::Clipboard::new().and_then(|mut cb| cb.get_text()) {
+                        Ok(text) => {
+                            let bracketed = ws
+                                .active_pane()
+                                .map(|p| p.terminal.modes.contains(TerminalModes::BRACKET_PASTE))
+                                .unwrap_or(false);
+                            let bytes = if bracketed {
+                                let mut v = b"\x1b[200~".to_vec();
+                                v.extend_from_slice(text.as_bytes());
+                                v.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[201~");
+                                v
+                            } else {
+                                text.into_bytes()
+                            };
+                            ws.write_to_active(&bytes);
+                        }
+                        Err(e) => log::warn!("clipboard read failed: {e}"),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::ScrollUp => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.scroll_up_active(3);
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::ScrollDown => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.scroll_down_active(3);
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::SplitHorizontal => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.split_active(SplitDir::Horizontal, shell.as_deref(), scrollback);
+                    self.rebalance_layout();
+                }
+                if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+                    lua.dispatch("pane_opened", "");
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::SplitVertical => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.split_active(SplitDir::Vertical, shell.as_deref(), scrollback);
+                    self.rebalance_layout();
+                }
+                if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+                    lua.dispatch("pane_opened", "");
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::FocusNext => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.focus_next();
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::FocusPrev => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.focus_prev();
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::NewTab => {
+                if let Some((ws, renderer)) = self.workspace.as_mut().zip(self.renderer.as_ref()) {
+                    let (cols, rows) = renderer.terminal_size();
+                    ws.new_tab(shell.as_deref(), cols, rows, scrollback);
+                }
+                if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+                    lua.dispatch("pane_opened", "");
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::SwitchTab(idx) => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.switch_tab(idx);
+                }
+                if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+                    lua.dispatch("tab_switched", &idx.to_string());
+                }
+            }
+
+            InputAction::ClosePane => {
+                if let Some(ws) = &mut self.workspace {
+                    ws.close_active_pane();
+                    if ws.is_empty() {
+                        event_loop.exit();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    self.rebalance_layout();
+                }
+                if let Some(lua) = &self.lua {
+                    lua.dispatch("pane_closed", "");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Dispatch title change hook if active pane title changed.
+        if let (Some(ws), Some(lua)) = (&self.workspace, &self.lua) {
+            if let Some(pane) = ws.active_pane() {
+                lua.dispatch("title_change", &pane.title);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(window) = &self.window {
+            window.request_redraw();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// After a structural change (split/close), propagate new sizes to all panes.
+    fn rebalance_layout(&mut self) {
+        if let (Some(ws), Some(renderer)) = (&mut self.workspace, &self.renderer) {
+            ws.resize_all(
+                renderer.surface_size().0 as f32,
+                renderer.surface_size().1 as f32,
+                renderer.cell_width,
+                renderer.cell_height,
+                renderer.cell_height,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn setup_watcher(
+    config: &Config,
+) -> (
+    Option<notify::RecommendedWatcher>,
+    Option<mpsc::Receiver<notify::Result<notify::Event>>>,
+) {
+    use notify::Watcher;
+    let config_path = Config::config_path();
+    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<notify::Result<notify::Event>>();
+    let watcher = notify::RecommendedWatcher::new(
+        move |res| {
+            let _ = tx.send(res);
+        },
+        notify::Config::default(),
+    )
+    .ok()
+    .and_then(|mut w| {
+        w.watch(&config_path, notify::RecursiveMode::NonRecursive)
+            .ok()?;
+        Some(w)
+    });
+    let rx = if watcher.is_some() { Some(rx) } else { None };
+    let _ = config; // used for path derivation via Config::config_path()
+    (watcher, rx)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn enable_mica_for_window(window: &Window) {
+    use winit::raw_window_handle::{HasWindowHandle, RawWindowHandle};
+    if let Ok(handle) = window.window_handle() {
+        if let RawWindowHandle::Win32(h) = handle.as_raw() {
+            let hwnd = windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND(h.hwnd.get() as *mut core::ffi::c_void);
+            if crate::dwm::enable_mica(hwnd) {
+                log::info!("Mica backdrop enabled");
+            } else {
+                log::debug!("Mica not supported on this Windows version");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Apply a window-wide alpha value using the Win32 layered-window API.
+///
+/// `opacity` is clamped to `[0.0, 1.0]` and mapped to a 0–255 byte.
+/// The window gains `WS_EX_LAYERED` if it does not already have it.
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn apply_window_opacity(window: &Window, opacity: f32) {
+    use windows::Win32::Foundation::{COLORREF, HWND};
+    use windows::Win32::UI::WindowsAndMessaging::{
+        GetWindowLongPtrW, SetLayeredWindowAttributes, SetWindowLongPtrW, GWL_EXSTYLE, LWA_ALPHA,
+        WS_EX_LAYERED,
+    };
+    use winit::raw_window_handle::{HasWindowHandle, RawWindowHandle};
+    if let Ok(handle) = window.window_handle() {
+        if let RawWindowHandle::Win32(h) = handle.as_raw() {
+            let hwnd = HWND(h.hwnd.get() as *mut core::ffi::c_void);
+            unsafe {
+                let ex_style = GetWindowLongPtrW(hwnd, GWL_EXSTYLE);
+                SetWindowLongPtrW(hwnd, GWL_EXSTYLE, ex_style | WS_EX_LAYERED.0 as isize);
+                let alpha = (opacity.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * 255.0) as u8;
+                if let Err(e) = SetLayeredWindowAttributes(hwnd, COLORREF(0), alpha, LWA_ALPHA) {
+                    log::warn!("SetLayeredWindowAttributes failed: {e}");
+                } else {
+                    log::info!("window opacity set to {opacity:.2} (alpha={alpha})");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/bin/bench_process.rs b/winiterm/src/bin/bench_process.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f187ac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/bin/bench_process.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+//! VT parser throughput benchmark.
+//!
+//! Measures how quickly the terminal can process raw bytes from a PTY stream.
+//! Methodology is modelled on Kitty's `kitten __benchmark__` (without `--render`):
+//!   1. Generate representative synthetic data for each scenario.
+//!   2. Do one warmup pass.
+//!   3. Run `REPETITIONS` timed passes, report MB/s and elapsed time.
+//!
+//! Run with:
+//!   cargo run --bin bench_process --release
+
+use std::time::Instant;
+use winiterm::terminal::Terminal;
+use winiterm::vt_parser::Parser;
+
+const REPETITIONS: usize = 100;
+
+// ─── Data generators ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+const ASCII_PRINTABLE: &[u8] =
+    b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ `~!@#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}\\|;:'\",<.>/?";
+const CONTROL_CHARS: &[u8] = b"\n\t";
+
+/// Simple linear-congruential PRNG (deterministic, no dependency).
+#[inline]
+fn lcg(rng: &mut u64) -> u64 {
+    *rng = rng
+        .wrapping_mul(6_364_136_223_846_793_005)
+        .wrapping_add(1_442_695_040_888_963_407);
+    *rng
+}
+
+/// Pick a random byte from `alphabet`.
+fn random_byte(rng: &mut u64, alphabet: &[u8]) -> u8 {
+    alphabet[(lcg(rng) >> 33) as usize % alphabet.len()]
+}
+
+/// Generate `len` random bytes from the combined ASCII + control alphabet.
+fn random_text(len: usize, rng: &mut u64) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let alphabet: Vec<u8> = ASCII_PRINTABLE
+        .iter()
+        .chain(CONTROL_CHARS.iter())
+        .copied()
+        .collect();
+    (0..len).map(|_| random_byte(rng, &alphabet)).collect()
+}
+
+// ─── Benchmark runner ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn run_benchmark<F>(name: &str, data: &[u8], repetitions: usize, setup: F)
+where
+    F: Fn() -> (Terminal, Parser),
+{
+    // Warmup
+    {
+        let (mut term, mut parser) = setup();
+        parser.parse(data, &mut term);
+    }
+
+    // Timed passes
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    for _ in 0..repetitions {
+        let (mut term, mut parser) = setup();
+        parser.parse(data, &mut term);
+    }
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+
+    let total_bytes = data.len() * repetitions;
+    let mb = total_bytes as f64 / 1_048_576.0;
+    let rate = mb / elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+
+    println!(
+        "  {:<30} : {:>6.2}s  {:>8.1} MB/s  ({} reps × {:.2} MB)",
+        name,
+        elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
+        rate,
+        repetitions,
+        data.len() as f64 / 1_048_576.0,
+    );
+}
+
+fn make_terminal() -> (Terminal, Parser) {
+    (Terminal::new(80, 25, 20_000), Parser::new())
+}
+
+// ─── main ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("=== winiterm VT Parser Benchmark ===");
+    println!("(methodology matches Kitty's kitten __benchmark__ without --render)\n");
+
+    // ── 1. Plain ASCII text ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    println!("--- Plain ASCII text ---");
+    {
+        let target = 1024 * 2048 + 13;
+        let mut rng: u64 = 0xDEAD_BEEF;
+        let data = random_text(target, &mut rng);
+        run_benchmark("ascii_only", &data, REPETITIONS, make_terminal);
+    }
+
+    // ── 2. CSI escape codes interleaved with text ─────────────────────────────
+    println!("\n--- CSI codes with text ---");
+    {
+        let target = 1024 * 1024 + 17;
+        let mut rng: u64 = 0x1234_5678;
+        let mut data: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(target + 128);
+
+        while data.len() < target {
+            match (lcg(&mut rng) >> 33) % 10 {
+                0 => {
+                    // Plain text burst (1–72 chars)
+                    let len = ((lcg(&mut rng) >> 33) % 72 + 1) as usize;
+                    data.extend(random_text(len, &mut rng));
+                }
+                1 | 2 => {
+                    // Cursor movement + reset
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[m\x1b[?1h\x1b[H");
+                }
+                3 => {
+                    // SGR: bold + italic + colours
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[1;3;31;42m");
+                }
+                4 => {
+                    // SGR: 256-colour foreground + background
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[38;5;214;48;5;236m");
+                }
+                5 => {
+                    // SGR: true-colour (RGB) foreground
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[38;2;255;128;0m");
+                }
+                6 | 7 => {
+                    // Cursor movement + erase
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[m\x1b[5A\x1b[2K\x1b[1J");
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    // SGR reset + misc cursor
+                    data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[0m\x1b[10;20H\x1b[?25h");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[m");
+        run_benchmark("csi_with_text", &data, REPETITIONS, make_terminal);
+    }
+
+    // ── 3. Long OSC sequences (window titles) ────────────────────────────────
+    println!("\n--- Long OSC sequences ---");
+    {
+        let title_body: String = (0..512)
+            .map(|i| ASCII_PRINTABLE[i % ASCII_PRINTABLE.len()] as char)
+            .collect();
+        let mut data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        for _ in 0..2048 {
+            data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b]2;");
+            data.extend_from_slice(title_body.as_bytes());
+            data.push(0x07); // BEL terminator
+        }
+        run_benchmark("osc_long_titles", &data, REPETITIONS, make_terminal);
+    }
+
+    // ── 4. Dense colour changes (typical syntax-highlighted code output) ──────
+    println!("\n--- Dense colour output (syntax highlighting) ---");
+    {
+        let mut data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        let words = ["fn", "main", "let", "mut", "if", "return", "use", "pub"];
+        let mut rng: u64 = 0xABCD_EF01;
+        for _ in 0..8192 {
+            // Random foreground colour (30–45)
+            let fg = 30 + (lcg(&mut rng) >> 33) % 16;
+            let word = words[(lcg(&mut rng) >> 33) as usize % words.len()];
+            let seq = format!("\x1b[{fg}m{word} \x1b[m");
+            data.extend_from_slice(seq.as_bytes());
+        }
+        run_benchmark("dense_color_output", &data, REPETITIONS, make_terminal);
+    }
+
+    // ── 5. Mixed: scroll + insert/delete lines ────────────────────────────────
+    println!("\n--- Scroll-heavy output ---");
+    {
+        let mut data: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+        let mut rng: u64 = 0xFEED_FACE;
+        for _ in 0..4096 {
+            data.extend(random_text(60, &mut rng));
+            data.push(b'\n');
+            // Occasionally insert/delete lines
+            if (lcg(&mut rng) >> 33) % 8 == 0 {
+                data.extend_from_slice(b"\x1b[1L"); // insert line
+            }
+        }
+        run_benchmark("scroll_heavy", &data, REPETITIONS, make_terminal);
+    }
+
+    println!("\n=== Benchmark complete ===");
+    println!("Note: measures CPU parse + terminal state updates only (no GPU rendering).");
+    println!("Compare against Kitty: kitten __benchmark__  (without --render flag)");
+}
+
+// ─── Minimal `write!` support for building data vecs ─────────────────────────
+
+use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
+
+struct VecWriter<'a>(&'a mut Vec<u8>);
+
+impl FmtWrite for VecWriter<'_> {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.0.extend_from_slice(s.as_bytes());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+// Override the `write!` macro to work with our VecWriter.
+trait WriteVec {
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: std::fmt::Arguments<'_>);
+}
+
+impl WriteVec for Vec<u8> {
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: std::fmt::Arguments<'_>) {
+        let _ = std::fmt::write(&mut VecWriter(self), args);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/bin/bench_render.rs b/winiterm/src/bin/bench_render.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..164e591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/bin/bench_render.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+//! Benchmark: CPU-side terminal-cell-instance building throughput.
+//!
+//! Measures how fast the renderer can produce `CellInstance` data for a
+//! fully-populated terminal grid without involving the GPU or a real window.
+//!
+//! Run with:
+//! ```
+//! cargo run --bin bench_render --release
+//! ```
+
+use std::time::Instant;
+
+use winiterm::terminal::Terminal;
+use winiterm::vt_parser::Parser;
+
+fn main() {
+    const COLS: usize = 220;
+    const ROWS: usize = 55;
+    const FRAMES: usize = 5_000;
+    const SCROLLBACK: usize = 1_000;
+
+    // Fill the terminal with a mix of ASCII text and escape sequences.
+    let mut terminal = Terminal::new(COLS, ROWS, SCROLLBACK);
+    let mut parser = Parser::new();
+
+    // A line that exercises SGR colours and printable ASCII.
+    let fill_line = format!(
+        "\x1b[32mHello\x1b[0m \x1b[1;33mworld\x1b[0m! {}",
+        "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 ".repeat(4)
+    );
+    let fill_bytes = fill_line.as_bytes();
+    for _ in 0..ROWS {
+        parser.parse(fill_bytes, &mut terminal);
+        parser.parse(b"\r\n", &mut terminal);
+    }
+
+    // Simulate the CPU work done per frame: iterate all cells to count them.
+    // (A real renderer would write CellInstance structs into a Vec here.)
+    let cell_count = COLS * ROWS;
+    let mut total: u64 = 0;
+
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    for _ in 0..FRAMES {
+        for idx in 0..cell_count {
+            // Simulate the work of push_cell: read cell, inspect attrs.
+            let cell = &terminal.screen[idx];
+            total = total.wrapping_add(cell.ch as u64);
+        }
+    }
+    let elapsed = start.elapsed();
+    let _ = total; // prevent optimizer from eliding the loop
+
+    let fps = FRAMES as f64 / elapsed.as_secs_f64();
+    let mcells_per_sec = (FRAMES as f64 * cell_count as f64) / elapsed.as_secs_f64() / 1_000_000.0;
+
+    println!(
+        "bench_render: {} frames × {}×{} cells  →  {:.0} fps  ({:.0} Mcells/s)  [{:.2?}]",
+        FRAMES, COLS, ROWS, fps, mcells_per_sec, elapsed
+    );
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/colorscheme.rs b/winiterm/src/colorscheme.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9d6e8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/colorscheme.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! Built-in terminal colour schemes (Phase 7).
+//!
+//! Each scheme provides the 16 ANSI colours plus default fg/bg/cursor.
+//! The active scheme is chosen via the Lua config (`winiterm.color_scheme`).
+
+// ─── Type ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A complete terminal colour palette.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct ColorScheme {
+    pub name: &'static str,
+    /// ANSI colours 0–15 as linear [r,g,b] (0–255).
+    pub ansi: [[u8; 3]; 16],
+    /// Default foreground colour.
+    pub foreground: [u8; 3],
+    /// Default background colour.
+    pub background: [u8; 3],
+    /// Cursor colour.
+    pub cursor: [u8; 3],
+    /// Selection background.
+    pub selection_bg: [u8; 3],
+}
+
+impl ColorScheme {
+    /// Convert a `[u8; 3]` colour to a `[f32; 4]` RGBA value.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_rgba(c: [u8; 3]) -> [f32; 4] {
+        [
+            c[0] as f32 / 255.0,
+            c[1] as f32 / 255.0,
+            c[2] as f32 / 255.0,
+            1.0,
+        ]
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Built-in schemes ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub const MONOKAI: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "monokai",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x27, 0x28, 0x22], // 0  black
+        [0xF9, 0x26, 0x72], // 1  red
+        [0xA6, 0xE2, 0x2E], // 2  green
+        [0xF4, 0xBF, 0x75], // 3  yellow
+        [0x66, 0xD9, 0xEF], // 4  blue
+        [0xAE, 0x81, 0xFF], // 5  magenta
+        [0x2A, 0xA1, 0x98], // 6  cyan
+        [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF2], // 7  white
+        [0x75, 0x71, 0x5E], // 8  bright black
+        [0xF9, 0x26, 0x72], // 9  bright red
+        [0xA6, 0xE2, 0x2E], // 10 bright green
+        [0xF4, 0xBF, 0x75], // 11 bright yellow
+        [0x66, 0xD9, 0xEF], // 12 bright blue
+        [0xAE, 0x81, 0xFF], // 13 bright magenta
+        [0x2A, 0xA1, 0x98], // 14 bright cyan
+        [0xF9, 0xF8, 0xF5], // 15 bright white
+    ],
+    foreground: [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF2],
+    background: [0x27, 0x28, 0x22],
+    cursor: [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF0],
+    selection_bg: [0x49, 0x48, 0x3E],
+};
+
+pub const NORD: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "nord",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x2E, 0x34, 0x40], // 0  black
+        [0xBF, 0x61, 0x6A], // 1  red
+        [0xA3, 0xBE, 0x8C], // 2  green
+        [0xEB, 0xCB, 0x8B], // 3  yellow
+        [0x81, 0xA1, 0xC1], // 4  blue
+        [0xB4, 0x8E, 0xAD], // 5  magenta
+        [0x88, 0xC0, 0xD0], // 6  cyan
+        [0xE5, 0xE9, 0xF0], // 7  white
+        [0x4C, 0x56, 0x6A], // 8  bright black
+        [0xBF, 0x61, 0x6A], // 9  bright red
+        [0xA3, 0xBE, 0x8C], // 10 bright green
+        [0xEB, 0xCB, 0x8B], // 11 bright yellow
+        [0x81, 0xA1, 0xC1], // 12 bright blue
+        [0xB4, 0x8E, 0xAD], // 13 bright magenta
+        [0x8F, 0xBC, 0xBB], // 14 bright cyan
+        [0xEC, 0xEF, 0xF4], // 15 bright white
+    ],
+    foreground: [0xD8, 0xDE, 0xE9],
+    background: [0x2E, 0x34, 0x40],
+    cursor: [0xD8, 0xDE, 0xE9],
+    selection_bg: [0x43, 0x4C, 0x5E],
+};
+
+pub const DRACULA: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "dracula",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x21, 0x22, 0x2C], // 0  black
+        [0xFF, 0x55, 0x55], // 1  red
+        [0x50, 0xFA, 0x7B], // 2  green
+        [0xF1, 0xFA, 0x8C], // 3  yellow
+        [0xBD, 0x93, 0xF9], // 4  blue
+        [0xFF, 0x79, 0xC6], // 5  magenta
+        [0x8B, 0xE9, 0xFD], // 6  cyan
+        [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF2], // 7  white
+        [0x62, 0x72, 0xA4], // 8  bright black
+        [0xFF, 0x6E, 0x6E], // 9  bright red
+        [0x69, 0xFF, 0x94], // 10 bright green
+        [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xA5], // 11 bright yellow
+        [0xD6, 0xAC, 0xFF], // 12 bright blue
+        [0xFF, 0x92, 0xDF], // 13 bright magenta
+        [0xA4, 0xFF, 0xFF], // 14 bright cyan
+        [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF], // 15 bright white
+    ],
+    foreground: [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF2],
+    background: [0x28, 0x2A, 0x36],
+    cursor: [0xF8, 0xF8, 0xF2],
+    selection_bg: [0x44, 0x47, 0x5A],
+};
+
+pub const ONE_DARK: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "one_dark",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x28, 0x2C, 0x34], // 0  black
+        [0xE0, 0x6C, 0x75], // 1  red
+        [0x98, 0xC3, 0x79], // 2  green
+        [0xE5, 0xC0, 0x7B], // 3  yellow
+        [0x61, 0xAF, 0xEF], // 4  blue
+        [0xC6, 0x78, 0xDD], // 5  magenta
+        [0x56, 0xB6, 0xC2], // 6  cyan
+        [0xAB, 0xB2, 0xBF], // 7  white
+        [0x5C, 0x63, 0x70], // 8  bright black
+        [0xE0, 0x6C, 0x75], // 9  bright red
+        [0x98, 0xC3, 0x79], // 10 bright green
+        [0xE5, 0xC0, 0x7B], // 11 bright yellow
+        [0x61, 0xAF, 0xEF], // 12 bright blue
+        [0xC6, 0x78, 0xDD], // 13 bright magenta
+        [0x56, 0xB6, 0xC2], // 14 bright cyan
+        [0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF], // 15 bright white
+    ],
+    foreground: [0xAB, 0xB2, 0xBF],
+    background: [0x28, 0x2C, 0x34],
+    cursor: [0x52, 0x8B, 0xFF],
+    selection_bg: [0x3E, 0x44, 0x51],
+};
+
+pub const SOLARIZED_DARK: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "solarized_dark",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x07, 0x36, 0x42], // 0  base02
+        [0xDC, 0x32, 0x2F], // 1  red
+        [0x85, 0x99, 0x00], // 2  green
+        [0xB5, 0x89, 0x00], // 3  yellow
+        [0x26, 0x8B, 0xD2], // 4  blue
+        [0xD3, 0x36, 0x82], // 5  magenta
+        [0x2A, 0xA1, 0x98], // 6  cyan
+        [0xEE, 0xE8, 0xD5], // 7  base2
+        [0x00, 0x2B, 0x36], // 8  base03
+        [0xCB, 0x4B, 0x16], // 9  orange
+        [0x58, 0x6E, 0x75], // 10 base01
+        [0x65, 0x7B, 0x83], // 11 base00
+        [0x83, 0x94, 0x96], // 12 base0
+        [0x6C, 0x71, 0xC4], // 13 violet
+        [0x93, 0xA1, 0xA1], // 14 base1
+        [0xFD, 0xF6, 0xE3], // 15 base3
+    ],
+    foreground: [0x83, 0x94, 0x96],
+    background: [0x00, 0x2B, 0x36],
+    cursor: [0x26, 0x8B, 0xD2],
+    selection_bg: [0x07, 0x36, 0x42],
+};
+
+pub const GRUVBOX: ColorScheme = ColorScheme {
+    name: "gruvbox",
+    ansi: [
+        [0x28, 0x28, 0x28], // 0  bg
+        [0xCC, 0x24, 0x1D], // 1  red
+        [0x98, 0x97, 0x1A], // 2  green
+        [0xD7, 0x99, 0x21], // 3  yellow
+        [0x45, 0x85, 0x88], // 4  blue
+        [0xB1, 0x62, 0x86], // 5  purple
+        [0x68, 0x9D, 0x6A], // 6  aqua
+        [0xA8, 0x99, 0x84], // 7  fg4
+        [0x92, 0x83, 0x74], // 8  gray
+        [0xFB, 0x49, 0x34], // 9  bright red
+        [0xB8, 0xBB, 0x26], // 10 bright green
+        [0xFA, 0xBD, 0x2F], // 11 bright yellow
+        [0x83, 0xA5, 0x98], // 12 bright blue
+        [0xD3, 0x86, 0x9B], // 13 bright purple
+        [0x8E, 0xC0, 0x7C], // 14 bright aqua
+        [0xEB, 0xDB, 0xB2], // 15 fg
+    ],
+    foreground: [0xEB, 0xDB, 0xB2],
+    background: [0x28, 0x28, 0x28],
+    cursor: [0xEB, 0xDB, 0xB2],
+    selection_bg: [0x3C, 0x38, 0x36],
+};
+
+// ─── Registry ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// All built-in schemes.  The first entry is the default.
+pub const ALL: &[&ColorScheme] = &[
+    &MONOKAI,
+    &NORD,
+    &DRACULA,
+    &ONE_DARK,
+    &SOLARIZED_DARK,
+    &GRUVBOX,
+];
+
+/// Look up a scheme by name (case-insensitive).  Falls back to Monokai.
+pub fn by_name(name: &str) -> &'static ColorScheme {
+    ALL.iter()
+        .find(|s| s.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
+        .copied()
+        .unwrap_or(&MONOKAI)
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/config.rs b/winiterm/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..230e329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+//! Application configuration — loaded from a Lua script (Phase 5).
+//!
+//! The config file lives at `%APPDATA%\winiterm\config.lua` and is expected
+//! to `return` a plain table of key/value pairs.  Missing keys fall back to
+//! built-in defaults.  Parse errors are logged and defaults are used.
+
+use crate::colorscheme::{by_name, ColorScheme};
+
+// ─── Config struct ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// All user-tunable settings.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Config {
+    /// Base font size in logical pixels (DPI-scaled automatically).
+    pub font_size: f32,
+    /// Name of the active colour scheme (case-insensitive).
+    pub color_scheme: String,
+    /// Shell executable path.  `None` → auto-detect.
+    pub shell: Option<String>,
+    /// Scrollback buffer size (lines).
+    pub scrollback_lines: usize,
+    /// Try to enable Windows 11 Mica backdrop transparency.
+    pub enable_mica: bool,
+    /// Show a persistent system-tray icon.
+    pub tray_icon: bool,
+    /// Window opacity in \[0, 1\].
+    pub opacity: f32,
+}
+
+impl Default for Config {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            font_size: 16.0,
+            color_scheme: "monokai".to_string(),
+            shell: None,
+            scrollback_lines: 10_000,
+            enable_mica: false,
+            tray_icon: false,
+            opacity: 1.0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    // ── File location ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Path to the Lua config file.
+    pub fn config_path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
+        let appdata = std::env::var("APPDATA").unwrap_or_else(|_| ".".to_string());
+        std::path::PathBuf::from(appdata)
+            .join("winiterm")
+            .join("config.lua")
+    }
+
+    // ── Loading ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Load configuration from disk.  Falls back to defaults on any error.
+    pub fn load() -> Self {
+        let path = Self::config_path();
+        if !path.exists() {
+            log::debug!("config not found at {}, using defaults", path.display());
+            return Self::default();
+        }
+        let code = match std::fs::read_to_string(&path) {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("could not read config {}: {e}", path.display());
+                return Self::default();
+            }
+        };
+        match Self::parse_lua(&code) {
+            Ok(c) => {
+                log::info!("loaded config from {}", path.display());
+                c
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("config parse error: {e}");
+                Self::default()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_lua(code: &str) -> mlua::Result<Self> {
+        use mlua::Lua;
+        let lua = Lua::new();
+        let tbl: mlua::Table = lua.load(code).eval()?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            font_size: tbl.get::<f32>("font_size").unwrap_or(16.0),
+            color_scheme: tbl
+                .get::<String>("color_scheme")
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "monokai".to_string()),
+            shell: tbl.get::<Option<String>>("shell").unwrap_or(None),
+            scrollback_lines: tbl.get::<usize>("scrollback_lines").unwrap_or(10_000),
+            enable_mica: tbl.get::<bool>("enable_mica").unwrap_or(false),
+            tray_icon: tbl.get::<bool>("tray_icon").unwrap_or(false),
+            opacity: tbl.get::<f32>("opacity").unwrap_or(1.0),
+        })
+    }
+
+    // ── Convenience accessors ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Look up the active [`ColorScheme`] by name.
+    pub fn color_scheme(&self) -> &'static ColorScheme {
+        by_name(&self.color_scheme)
+    }
+
+    /// Shell as `Option<&str>`, ready to pass to `Pty::spawn`.
+    pub fn shell_ref(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.shell.as_deref()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/dwm.rs b/winiterm/src/dwm.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd7f368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/dwm.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//! DWM window transparency — Windows 11 Mica backdrop (Phase 8).
+//!
+//! `enable_mica` applies the Mica system backdrop to the given window handle.
+//! On older Windows versions (pre-22H2) the DWM attribute is unknown and the
+//! call fails silently, returning `false`.
+
+use windows::Win32::Foundation::HWND;
+use windows::Win32::Graphics::Dwm::{DwmSetWindowAttribute, DWMWINDOWATTRIBUTE};
+
+/// `DWMWA_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE` — attribute index 38, added in Windows 11 22H2.
+const DWMWA_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE: DWMWINDOWATTRIBUTE = DWMWINDOWATTRIBUTE(38);
+
+/// `DWMSBT_MAINWINDOW` — Mica effect value for `DWMWA_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE`.
+const DWMSBT_MAINWINDOW: u32 = 2;
+
+/// Attempt to enable the Mica backdrop on `hwnd`.
+///
+/// Returns `true` if the DWM call succeeded. Returns `false` (no-ops) on
+/// pre-Windows 11 22H2 where the attribute is unsupported.
+pub fn enable_mica(hwnd: HWND) -> bool {
+    let backdrop: u32 = DWMSBT_MAINWINDOW;
+    // SAFETY: `DwmSetWindowAttribute` is a standard Win32 API.  We pass a
+    // correctly-sized pointer to a `u32` and its byte-size.
+    unsafe {
+        DwmSetWindowAttribute(
+            hwnd,
+            DWMWA_SYSTEMBACKDROP_TYPE,
+            (&backdrop as *const u32).cast(),
+            std::mem::size_of::<u32>() as u32,
+        )
+        .is_ok()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/input.rs b/winiterm/src/input.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0415840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/input.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+//! Keyboard event → terminal action translation.
+//!
+//! [`key_to_action`] converts a winit key event + modifier state into an
+//! [`InputAction`].  Multiplexer hotkeys (Ctrl+Shift+…) are checked first and
+//! take precedence over normal VT byte generation.
+//!
+//! New in A-series:
+//! * Alt key: prefixes generated bytes with `\x1b` (xterm metaSendsEscape).
+//! * Paste: `Ctrl+Shift+V` → [`InputAction::Paste`].
+//! * Scrollback: `Ctrl+Shift+Up/Down` → [`InputAction::ScrollUp`] / `ScrollDown`.
+//! * DECCKM: `decckm` parameter selects SS3 vs CSI cursor key encoding.
+
+use winit::event::{ElementState, KeyEvent, Modifiers};
+use winit::keyboard::{Key, KeyCode, NamedKey, PhysicalKey};
+
+// ─── InputAction ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// The result of translating a key press.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum InputAction {
+    /// Raw bytes to write to the active pane's PTY stdin.
+    Bytes(Vec<u8>),
+    // ── Multiplexer commands ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Split active pane horizontally (left | right).
+    SplitHorizontal,
+    /// Split active pane vertically (top / bottom).
+    SplitVertical,
+    /// Move focus to the next pane in tree order.
+    FocusNext,
+    /// Move focus to the previous pane in tree order.
+    FocusPrev,
+    /// Open a new tab.
+    NewTab,
+    /// Switch to tab by 0-based index.
+    SwitchTab(usize),
+    /// Close the active pane (or current tab if it is the last pane).
+    ClosePane,
+    /// Paste text from the system clipboard (Ctrl+Shift+V).
+    Paste,
+    /// Scroll the active pane up into the scrollback buffer (Ctrl+Shift+Up).
+    ScrollUp,
+    /// Scroll the active pane down towards live output (Ctrl+Shift+Down).
+    ScrollDown,
+}
+
+// ─── Public API ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Translate a pressed key event into an [`InputAction`].
+///
+/// `decckm` — whether DECCKM (application cursor key mode, `?1h`) is active
+/// in the current terminal.  When `true`, arrow keys send `\x1bOA` (SS3)
+/// instead of `\x1b[A` (CSI).
+///
+/// Returns `None` for release events, unhandled keys, or pure-modifier presses.
+pub fn key_to_action(event: &KeyEvent, mods: &Modifiers, decckm: bool) -> Option<InputAction> {
+    if event.state == ElementState::Released {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let ctrl = mods.state().control_key();
+    let shift = mods.state().shift_key();
+    let alt = mods.state().alt_key();
+
+    // ── Multiplexer hotkeys (Ctrl+Shift) ──────────────────────────────────────
+    // These take precedence and never reach the shell.
+    if ctrl && shift {
+        let action = match &event.physical_key {
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::Backslash) => Some(InputAction::SplitHorizontal),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::Minus) => Some(InputAction::SplitVertical),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::BracketLeft) => Some(InputAction::FocusPrev),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::BracketRight) => Some(InputAction::FocusNext),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::KeyT) => Some(InputAction::NewTab),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::KeyW) => Some(InputAction::ClosePane),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::KeyV) => Some(InputAction::Paste),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::ArrowUp) => Some(InputAction::ScrollUp),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(KeyCode::ArrowDown) => Some(InputAction::ScrollDown),
+            PhysicalKey::Code(c) => digit_to_tab(c),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if action.is_some() {
+            return action;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Normal VT byte generation ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+    let action = match &event.logical_key {
+        Key::Character(s) => {
+            if ctrl {
+                let ch = s.chars().next()?.to_ascii_lowercase();
+                let byte = match ch {
+                    'a'..='z' => ch as u8 - b'a' + 1,
+                    '[' => 0x1b, // ESC
+                    '\\' => 0x1c,
+                    ']' => 0x1d,
+                    '^' => 0x1e,
+                    '_' => 0x1f,
+                    _ => return None,
+                };
+                Some(InputAction::Bytes(vec![byte]))
+            } else {
+                Some(InputAction::Bytes(s.as_bytes().to_vec()))
+            }
+        }
+
+        Key::Named(named) => translate_named(named, shift, decckm),
+
+        Key::Unidentified(_) | Key::Dead(_) => None,
+    };
+
+    // Alt (xterm metaSendsEscape): prefix generated bytes with ESC.
+    if alt {
+        if let Some(InputAction::Bytes(ref bytes)) = action {
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len() + 1);
+            v.push(0x1b);
+            v.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+            return Some(InputAction::Bytes(v));
+        }
+    }
+
+    action
+}
+
+// ─── Private helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn digit_to_tab(code: &KeyCode) -> Option<InputAction> {
+    let n: usize = match code {
+        KeyCode::Digit1 => 1,
+        KeyCode::Digit2 => 2,
+        KeyCode::Digit3 => 3,
+        KeyCode::Digit4 => 4,
+        KeyCode::Digit5 => 5,
+        KeyCode::Digit6 => 6,
+        KeyCode::Digit7 => 7,
+        KeyCode::Digit8 => 8,
+        KeyCode::Digit9 => 9,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    Some(InputAction::SwitchTab(n - 1))
+}
+
+fn translate_named(key: &NamedKey, shift: bool, decckm: bool) -> Option<InputAction> {
+    let bytes: &[u8] = match key {
+        NamedKey::Enter => b"\r",
+        NamedKey::Backspace => b"\x7f",
+        NamedKey::Tab => {
+            return Some(InputAction::Bytes(if shift {
+                b"\x1b[Z".to_vec() // Shift+Tab = back-tab
+            } else {
+                b"\t".to_vec()
+            }));
+        }
+        NamedKey::Escape => b"\x1b",
+        NamedKey::Space => b" ",
+
+        // Cursor keys — DECCKM selects SS3 (application) vs CSI (normal).
+        NamedKey::ArrowUp => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOA"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[A"
+            }
+        }
+        NamedKey::ArrowDown => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOB"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[B"
+            }
+        }
+        NamedKey::ArrowRight => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOC"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[C"
+            }
+        }
+        NamedKey::ArrowLeft => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOD"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[D"
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Home / End also use SS3 in application cursor mode.
+        NamedKey::Home => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOH"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[H"
+            }
+        }
+        NamedKey::End => {
+            if decckm {
+                b"\x1bOF"
+            } else {
+                b"\x1b[F"
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Editing keys.
+        NamedKey::Insert => b"\x1b[2~",
+        NamedKey::Delete => b"\x1b[3~",
+        NamedKey::PageUp => b"\x1b[5~",
+        NamedKey::PageDown => b"\x1b[6~",
+
+        // Function keys (xterm encoding).
+        NamedKey::F1 => b"\x1bOP",
+        NamedKey::F2 => b"\x1bOQ",
+        NamedKey::F3 => b"\x1bOR",
+        NamedKey::F4 => b"\x1bOS",
+        NamedKey::F5 => b"\x1b[15~",
+        NamedKey::F6 => b"\x1b[17~",
+        NamedKey::F7 => b"\x1b[18~",
+        NamedKey::F8 => b"\x1b[19~",
+        NamedKey::F9 => b"\x1b[20~",
+        NamedKey::F10 => b"\x1b[21~",
+        NamedKey::F11 => b"\x1b[23~",
+        NamedKey::F12 => b"\x1b[24~",
+
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    Some(InputAction::Bytes(bytes.to_vec()))
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/kitty.rs b/winiterm/src/kitty.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35fa039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/kitty.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//! Kitty Graphics Protocol — APC sequence parser and image registry (Phase 9).
+//!
+//! Parses `ESC_G…ST` sequences emitted by Kitty-protocol-aware applications
+//! and assembles them into decoded RGBA images stored in a [`KittyRegistry`].
+//!
+//! Integration note: the VT parser accumulates APC bytes in its `dcs_buf`
+//! (state `SosPmApcString`).  Phase 9 wiring will route those bytes through
+//! [`KittyRegistry::ingest`] before discarding them.
+
+use base64::{engine::general_purpose::STANDARD as B64, Engine};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+// ─── Control block ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Key/value data decoded from a single Kitty APC control block.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct KittyControl {
+    /// Action: `'t'` transmit, `'p'` put, `'d'` delete, `'q'` query.
+    pub action: Option<char>,
+    /// Image ID.
+    pub image_id: Option<u32>,
+    /// Placement ID.
+    pub placement_id: Option<u32>,
+    /// Data format: 32 = RGBA, 24 = RGB, 100 = PNG.
+    pub format: Option<u32>,
+    /// Image width in pixels.
+    pub width: Option<u32>,
+    /// Image height in pixels.
+    pub height: Option<u32>,
+    /// `true` when more chunks are expected (`m=1`).
+    pub more: bool,
+    /// Suppress response (`q≠0`).
+    pub quiet: bool,
+}
+
+// ─── Image ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A fully decoded Kitty image (RGBA pixels, row-major).
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct KittyImage {
+    pub id: u32,
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+    /// Raw RGBA pixels: `width * height * 4` bytes.
+    pub rgba: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+// ─── Registry ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Stores assembled Kitty images keyed by image ID, and accumulates partial
+/// multi-chunk transmissions until the final chunk arrives.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct KittyRegistry {
+    images: HashMap<u32, KittyImage>,
+    /// Partial payloads awaiting their final chunk: id → (control, raw bytes).
+    pending: HashMap<u32, (KittyControl, Vec<u8>)>,
+}
+
+impl KittyRegistry {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Ingest the raw bytes of a Kitty APC sequence — everything between the
+    /// `ESC_G` introducer and the `ST` terminator.
+    pub fn ingest(&mut self, payload: &[u8]) {
+        let Some((ctrl_bytes, b64)) = split_payload(payload) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let ctrl = parse_control(ctrl_bytes);
+        let mut decoded = B64.decode(b64).unwrap_or_default();
+        let id = ctrl.image_id.unwrap_or(0);
+
+        if ctrl.more {
+            // Accumulate partial chunk.
+            self.pending
+                .entry(id)
+                .and_modify(|(_, buf)| buf.append(&mut decoded))
+                .or_insert_with(|| (ctrl, decoded));
+        } else {
+            // Final chunk — assemble the complete image.
+            let (base_ctrl, mut buf) = self
+                .pending
+                .remove(&id)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| (ctrl.clone(), Vec::new()));
+            buf.append(&mut decoded);
+
+            let w = base_ctrl.width.unwrap_or(0);
+            let h = base_ctrl.height.unwrap_or(0);
+            if w > 0 && h > 0 {
+                let rgba = match base_ctrl.format.unwrap_or(32) {
+                    100 => decode_png(&buf),
+                    32 => buf,
+                    24 => rgb_to_rgba(&buf),
+                    _ => buf,
+                };
+                self.images.insert(
+                    id,
+                    KittyImage {
+                        id,
+                        width: w,
+                        height: h,
+                        rgba,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieve a decoded image by ID.
+    pub fn get(&self, id: u32) -> Option<&KittyImage> {
+        self.images.get(&id)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove a single image and any pending chunks for it by ID.
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, id: u32) {
+        self.images.remove(&id);
+        self.pending.remove(&id);
+    }
+
+    /// Remove all stored images and pending chunks.
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.images.clear();
+        self.pending.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Public helper ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Parse only the control header of a raw Kitty APC payload
+/// (everything after the leading `'G'` byte and before `ST`).
+///
+/// Returns a default [`KittyControl`] when the payload has no `';'` separator.
+pub fn parse_header(payload: &[u8]) -> KittyControl {
+    split_payload(payload)
+        .map(|(ctrl, _)| parse_control(ctrl))
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+// ─── Private helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Split the payload at the first `';'` separator.
+fn split_payload(payload: &[u8]) -> Option<(&[u8], &[u8])> {
+    payload
+        .iter()
+        .position(|&b| b == b';')
+        .map(|i| (&payload[..i], &payload[i + 1..]))
+}
+
+/// Parse comma-separated `key=value` control data.
+fn parse_control(ctrl: &[u8]) -> KittyControl {
+    let mut c = KittyControl::default();
+    for kv in ctrl.split(|&b| b == b',') {
+        if kv.len() < 3 || kv[1] != b'=' {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let val = &kv[2..];
+        match kv[0] {
+            b'a' => c.action = val.first().map(|&b| b as char),
+            b'i' => c.image_id = parse_u32(val),
+            b'p' => c.placement_id = parse_u32(val),
+            b'f' => c.format = parse_u32(val),
+            b's' => c.width = parse_u32(val),
+            b'v' => c.height = parse_u32(val),
+            b'm' => c.more = val == b"1",
+            b'q' => c.quiet = val != b"0",
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    c
+}
+
+fn parse_u32(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<u32> {
+    std::str::from_utf8(bytes).ok()?.parse().ok()
+}
+
+fn decode_png(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    image::load_from_memory(data)
+        .map(|img| img.into_rgba8().into_raw())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+fn rgb_to_rgba(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(data.len() / 3 * 4);
+    for chunk in data.chunks_exact(3) {
+        out.extend_from_slice(chunk);
+        out.push(255);
+    }
+    out
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/lib.rs b/winiterm/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92e6a1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+//! winiterm — GPU-accelerated terminal emulator for Windows.
+//!
+//! Library root: exposes all core modules for use by the main binary
+//! and standalone benchmark binaries.
+
+pub mod app;
+pub mod colorscheme;
+pub mod config;
+pub mod dwm;
+pub mod input;
+pub mod kitty;
+pub mod lua_api;
+pub mod pane;
+pub mod pty;
+pub mod renderer;
+pub mod split;
+pub mod terminal;
+pub mod tray;
+pub mod vt_parser;
+pub mod workspace;
diff --git a/winiterm/src/lua_api.rs b/winiterm/src/lua_api.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d19666
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/lua_api.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+//! Lua event-hook system (Phase 6).
+//!
+//! [`LuaApi`] owns a Lua 5.4 state and exposes a `winiterm.on(event, fn)`
+//! function that plugins / the config file can call to register callbacks.
+//! Events are dispatched synchronously from the Rust side via
+//! [`LuaApi::dispatch`].
+//!
+//! # Usage in config.lua
+//! ```lua
+//! local winiterm = require 'winiterm'  -- or just access the global
+//! winiterm.on("title_change", function(title)
+//!     print("title changed to " .. title)
+//! end)
+//! ```
+
+use mlua::{Function as LuaFunction, Lua, Table as LuaTable};
+
+// ─── LuaApi ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Owns the Lua state and the hook registry.
+pub struct LuaApi {
+    lua: Lua,
+}
+
+impl LuaApi {
+    /// Create a new Lua state and set up the `winiterm` global module.
+    pub fn new() -> mlua::Result<Self> {
+        let lua = Lua::new();
+        Self::setup_globals(&lua)?;
+        Ok(Self { lua })
+    }
+
+    fn setup_globals(lua: &Lua) -> mlua::Result<()> {
+        // Internal storage: _winiterm_hooks[event_name] = { fn, fn, … }
+        let hooks: LuaTable = lua.create_table()?;
+        lua.globals().set("_winiterm_hooks", hooks)?;
+
+        // winiterm.on(event, callback)
+        let on_fn = lua.create_function(|lua, (event, cb): (String, LuaFunction)| {
+            let hooks: LuaTable = lua.globals().get("_winiterm_hooks")?;
+            let list: LuaTable = hooks
+                .get::<Option<LuaTable>>(event.as_str())?
+                .unwrap_or(lua.create_table()?);
+            list.push(cb)?;
+            hooks.set(event.as_str(), list)?;
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+
+        let winiterm: LuaTable = lua.create_table()?;
+        winiterm.set("on", on_fn)?;
+        lua.globals().set("winiterm", winiterm)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Execute a Lua script in the current state.
+    ///
+    /// Can be called multiple times (e.g. once for the built-in defaults and
+    /// once for the user config).
+    pub fn exec(&self, code: &str) -> mlua::Result<()> {
+        self.lua.load(code).exec()
+    }
+
+    /// Read the config file at `path` and execute it in this Lua state,
+    /// registering any `winiterm.on(...)` hooks it defines.
+    ///
+    /// Silently succeeds if the file does not exist yet.
+    pub fn exec_config(&self, path: &std::path::Path) -> mlua::Result<()> {
+        if !path.exists() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let code =
+            std::fs::read_to_string(path).map_err(|e| mlua::Error::RuntimeError(e.to_string()))?;
+        self.lua.load(code.as_str()).exec()
+    }
+
+    /// Clear all registered event hooks (call before re-executing the config
+    /// file on hot-reload so that callbacks do not accumulate).
+    pub fn clear_hooks(&self) {
+        if let Ok(hooks) = self.lua.create_table() {
+            let _ = self.lua.globals().set("_winiterm_hooks", hooks);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dispatch an event to all registered callbacks, passing `arg` as the
+    /// single string argument.
+    pub fn dispatch(&self, event: &str, arg: &str) {
+        let hooks: LuaTable = match self.lua.globals().get("_winiterm_hooks") {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(_) => return,
+        };
+        let list: LuaTable = match hooks.get::<Option<LuaTable>>(event) {
+            Ok(Some(t)) => t,
+            _ => return,
+        };
+        for cb in list.sequence_values::<LuaFunction>() {
+            if let Ok(f) = cb {
+                let _ = f.call::<()>(arg.to_owned());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for LuaApi {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new().expect("failed to create Lua state")
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/main.rs b/winiterm/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13d2431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+//! winiterm — GPU-accelerated terminal emulator for Windows.
+//!
+//! Declared as a Windows GUI application so that Windows does not allocate or
+//! attach a console to this process on startup.  Without this attribute the
+//! process would inherit cargo's console, which causes `STATUS_DLL_INIT_FAILED`
+//! (0xC0000142) in the ConPTY child process (e.g. pwsh.exe) because the
+//! ConHost.exe backing the pseudo-console conflicts with the already-attached
+//! parent console.
+//!
+//! Even with `windows_subsystem = "windows"`, launching from an existing
+//! terminal (bash, cmd, Windows Terminal) causes the process to *inherit* the
+//! parent's console handle.  `FreeConsole` releases that handle before any
+//! ConPTY is created, so child processes never see a conflicting console.
+//! Calling it when there is no console (double-click launch) is a safe no-op.
+//!
+//! Logs are written to `%APPDATA%\winiterm\winiterm.log` so they are always
+//! accessible regardless of how the binary was launched.  Set `RUST_LOG` to
+//! override the default `info` level (e.g. `RUST_LOG=debug`).
+#![windows_subsystem = "windows"]
+
+fn main() {
+    // Log to a file rather than stderr: for a windows_subsystem = "windows"
+    // binary the stderr handle is often not connected to anything useful when
+    // launched from PowerShell or by double-clicking.
+    init_logging();
+
+    // Detach from any inherited console before creating ConPTY children.
+    // This prevents STATUS_DLL_INIT_FAILED (0xC0000142) regardless of how
+    // the binary was launched.  File handles (including the log file) are
+    // unaffected by FreeConsole.
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    // SAFETY: FreeConsole has no preconditions and is always safe to call.
+    unsafe {
+        let _ = windows::Win32::System::Console::FreeConsole();
+    }
+
+    winiterm::app::App::run();
+}
+
+/// Initialise `env_logger` to write to `%APPDATA%\winiterm\winiterm.log`.
+///
+/// The directory is created if it does not exist.  Falls back to stderr if
+/// the file cannot be opened.  Default level is `info`; set `RUST_LOG` to
+/// override (e.g. `RUST_LOG=debug` or `RUST_LOG=winiterm=trace`).
+fn init_logging() {
+    let log_path = {
+        let appdata = std::env::var("APPDATA").unwrap_or_else(|_| ".".into());
+        let dir = std::path::PathBuf::from(appdata).join("winiterm");
+        let _ = std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        dir.join("winiterm.log")
+    };
+
+    let mut builder = env_logger::Builder::new();
+    // Default level: info.  Honour RUST_LOG if set.
+    builder.filter_level(log::LevelFilter::Info);
+    if let Ok(spec) = std::env::var("RUST_LOG") {
+        builder.parse_filters(&spec);
+    }
+
+    match std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .create(true)
+        .truncate(true)
+        .write(true)
+        .open(&log_path)
+    {
+        Ok(file) => {
+            builder.target(env_logger::Target::Pipe(Box::new(file)));
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            builder.target(env_logger::Target::Stderr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    builder.init();
+    log::info!("winiterm {} starting", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
+    log::info!("log: {}", log_path.display());
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/pane.rs b/winiterm/src/pane.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9108617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/pane.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! A single terminal pane: owns a `Terminal`, `Parser`, and `Pty`.
+//!
+//! `TerminalPane` is the unit of state for one shell session.  Multiple panes
+//! can be laid out in a split tree inside a `Workspace` (Phase 4).
+
+use crate::pty::{Pty, PtyError};
+use crate::terminal::Terminal;
+use crate::vt_parser::Parser;
+
+// ─── TerminalPane ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct TerminalPane {
+    pub id: usize,
+    pub terminal: Terminal,
+    pub parser: Parser,
+    pub pty: Option<Pty>,
+    /// Window title set by the shell (OSC 0/2).
+    pub title: String,
+    /// How many lines the user has scrolled back into the scrollback buffer.
+    /// 0 = at the live bottom of output.
+    pub scroll_offset: usize,
+}
+
+impl TerminalPane {
+    /// Spawn a new pane with a child shell process.
+    pub fn spawn(
+        id: usize,
+        shell: Option<&str>,
+        cols: u16,
+        rows: u16,
+        scrollback: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self, PtyError> {
+        let pty = Pty::spawn(shell, cols, rows)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            id,
+            terminal: Terminal::new(cols as usize, rows as usize, scrollback),
+            parser: Parser::new(),
+            pty: Some(pty),
+            title: "shell".to_string(),
+            scroll_offset: 0,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Drain the PTY output channel and feed bytes through the VT parser.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if any data was processed (i.e. a redraw is needed).
+    pub fn process_output(&mut self) -> bool {
+        // Collect all pending chunks without holding &self.pty across the
+        // mutable borrow of self.parser / self.terminal.
+        let chunks: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self
+            .pty
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|p| p.data_receiver.as_ref())
+            .map(|rx| {
+                let mut v = Vec::new();
+                while let Ok(data) = rx.try_recv() {
+                    v.push(data);
+                }
+                v
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        let dirty = !chunks.is_empty();
+        for chunk in chunks {
+            self.parser.parse(&chunk, &mut self.terminal);
+        }
+
+        // Flush any VT response bytes queued by the terminal (DSR, DA1, etc.).
+        let responses: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self.terminal.pending_responses.drain(..).collect();
+        for r in responses {
+            self.write(&r);
+        }
+
+        // Sync the title from the terminal model (set by OSC 0/2).
+        if !self.terminal.title.is_empty() && self.terminal.title != self.title {
+            self.title.clone_from(&self.terminal.title);
+        }
+
+        dirty
+    }
+
+    /// Write raw bytes to the shell's stdin.
+    pub fn write(&self, data: &[u8]) {
+        if let Some(pty) = &self.pty {
+            let _ = pty.write(data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Resize the terminal grid and the pseudo console.
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, cols: u16, rows: u16) {
+        self.terminal.resize(cols as usize, rows as usize);
+        if let Some(pty) = &self.pty {
+            let _ = pty.resize(cols, rows);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the child process has exited.
+    pub fn is_dead(&self) -> bool {
+        let dead = self.pty.as_ref().map_or(true, |p| p.child_exited());
+        if dead {
+            log::info!(
+                "pane {} is_dead=true (pty_present={})",
+                self.id,
+                self.pty.is_some()
+            );
+        }
+        dead
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/pty/mod.rs b/winiterm/src/pty/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe1be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/pty/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+//! PTY (Pseudo Terminal) abstraction.
+//!
+//! On Windows we use the ConPTY API introduced in Windows 10 1809
+//! (`CreatePseudoConsole` / `ResizePseudoConsole` / `ClosePseudoConsole`).
+
+mod windows;
+pub use windows::Pty;
+
+use thiserror::Error;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum PtyError {
+    #[error("Windows API error: {0}")]
+    Windows(#[from] ::windows::core::Error),
+
+    #[error("Failed to create pseudo console: {0}")]
+    CreateConsole(String),
+
+    #[error("Failed to spawn shell process: {0}")]
+    SpawnProcess(String),
+
+    #[error("Failed to resize PTY: {0}")]
+    Resize(String),
+
+    #[error("I/O error: {0}")]
+    Io(String),
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/pty/windows.rs b/winiterm/src/pty/windows.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a67a6fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/pty/windows.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+//! ConPTY-based PTY for Windows.
+//!
+//! Architecture:
+//!   - `Pty::spawn` creates two anonymous pipes, a pseudo console, and a child process.
+//!   - A dedicated OS thread reads from the child's stdout pipe and sends chunks via
+//!     an `mpsc` channel so the caller can process output asynchronously.
+//!   - Writing to the child's stdin uses the standard `std::io::Write` trait to avoid
+//!     dependency on windows-rs ReadFile/WriteFile (which moved between crate versions).
+
+// `spawn_inner` is a large unsafe function full of Win32 API calls; the body
+// is intentionally entirely unsafe, so we suppress the Rust 2024 lint that
+// requires explicit `unsafe {}` blocks inside `unsafe fn`.
+#![allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+
+use super::PtyError;
+use std::io::{Read, Write};
+use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
+use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, Receiver, Sender};
+use std::thread;
+
+use windows::core::PWSTR;
+use windows::Win32::Foundation::{CloseHandle, BOOL, HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
+use windows::Win32::Security::SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES;
+use windows::Win32::System::Console::{
+    ClosePseudoConsole, CreatePseudoConsole, ResizePseudoConsole, COORD, HPCON,
+};
+use windows::Win32::System::Pipes::CreatePipe;
+use windows::Win32::System::Threading::{
+    CreateProcessW, DeleteProcThreadAttributeList, GetExitCodeProcess,
+    InitializeProcThreadAttributeList, TerminateProcess, UpdateProcThreadAttribute,
+    EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT, LPPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST, PROCESS_CREATION_FLAGS,
+    PROCESS_INFORMATION, STARTF_USESTDHANDLES, STARTUPINFOEXW, STARTUPINFOW,
+};
+
+/// `UpdateProcThreadAttribute` attribute identifier for pseudo consoles.
+///
+/// Computed as `ProcThreadAttributeValue(22, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE)`:
+/// `(22 & 0xFFFF) | (1 << 17)` = `0x00020016`.
+const PROC_THREAD_ATTR_PSEUDOCONSOLE: usize = 0x0002_0016;
+
+/// Win32 STILL_ACTIVE process exit code (259 = 0x103).
+const STILL_ACTIVE: u32 = 259;
+
+// ─── Handle wrappers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Wraps a Win32 `HANDLE` so it can be sent across threads.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// The caller must guarantee the handle is not used from more than one thread
+/// concurrently without external synchronisation.
+struct SendHandle(HANDLE);
+unsafe impl Send for SendHandle {}
+unsafe impl Sync for SendHandle {}
+
+impl SendHandle {
+    #[inline]
+    fn get(&self) -> HANDLE {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+/// RAII wrapper that calls `ClosePseudoConsole` on drop.
+struct PseudoConsole(HPCON);
+unsafe impl Send for PseudoConsole {}
+
+impl Drop for PseudoConsole {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            ClosePseudoConsole(self.0);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Public API ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A pseudo terminal backed by the Windows ConPTY API.
+pub struct Pty {
+    /// Pseudo console handle (closed on drop via `PseudoConsole`).
+    hpc: PseudoConsole,
+    /// Write end of the stdin pipe — send data here to reach the child's stdin.
+    stdin_write: SendHandle,
+    /// Child process handle.
+    process_handle: SendHandle,
+    /// Process ID of the spawned shell.
+    pub process_id: u32,
+    /// Receives output chunks produced by the child process.
+    /// Populated by the background reader thread.
+    pub data_receiver: Option<Receiver<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+impl Pty {
+    /// Spawn a shell inside a new pseudo console of `cols × rows` cells.
+    ///
+    /// `shell` — path to the shell executable.  
+    /// Pass `None` to auto-detect: `pwsh` → `powershell` → `cmd`.
+    pub fn spawn(shell: Option<&str>, cols: u16, rows: u16) -> Result<Self, PtyError> {
+        // SAFETY: All ConPTY invariants are upheld below.
+        unsafe { Self::spawn_inner(shell, cols, rows) }
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn spawn_inner(shell: Option<&str>, cols: u16, rows: u16) -> Result<Self, PtyError> {
+        // ── Pipe pair for stdin (terminal writes → child reads) ──────────────
+        let mut stdin_read = HANDLE::default();
+        let mut stdin_write = HANDLE::default();
+        CreatePipe(
+            &mut stdin_read,
+            &mut stdin_write,
+            None::<*const SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>,
+            0,
+        )
+        .map_err(PtyError::Windows)?;
+
+        // ── Pipe pair for stdout (child writes → terminal reads) ─────────────
+        let mut stdout_read = HANDLE::default();
+        let mut stdout_write = HANDLE::default();
+        if let Err(e) = CreatePipe(
+            &mut stdout_read,
+            &mut stdout_write,
+            None::<*const SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>,
+            0,
+        ) {
+            let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_read);
+            let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_write);
+            return Err(PtyError::Windows(e));
+        }
+
+        // ── Create the pseudo console ────────────────────────────────────────
+        // windows-rs 0.58: CreatePseudoConsole(size, hinput, houtput, dwFlags) -> Result<HPCON>
+        let size = COORD {
+            X: cols as i16,
+            Y: rows as i16,
+        };
+        let hpc = match CreatePseudoConsole(size, stdin_read, stdout_write, 0) {
+            Ok(h) => h,
+            Err(e) => {
+                let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_read);
+                let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_write);
+                let _ = CloseHandle(stdout_read);
+                let _ = CloseHandle(stdout_write);
+                return Err(PtyError::CreateConsole(e.to_string()));
+            }
+        };
+
+        // The pseudo console now owns stdin_read and stdout_write.
+        let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_read);
+        let _ = CloseHandle(stdout_write);
+
+        // ── Build STARTUPINFOEXW with the pseudo console attribute ────────────
+        let mut attr_list_size = 0usize;
+        // First call: get required buffer size (expectedly "fails").
+        let _ = InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(
+            LPPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST::default(),
+            1,
+            0,
+            &mut attr_list_size,
+        );
+
+        let mut attr_buf = vec![0u8; attr_list_size];
+        let attr_list = LPPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST(attr_buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _);
+
+        InitializeProcThreadAttributeList(attr_list, 1, 0, &mut attr_list_size).map_err(|e| {
+            PtyError::SpawnProcess(format!("InitializeProcThreadAttributeList: {e}"))
+        })?;
+
+        // Attach pseudo console to the attribute list.
+        //
+        // For PROC_THREAD_ATTR_PSEUDOCONSOLE the Windows kernel uses lpValue
+        // as the HPCON handle VALUE directly (it does not dereference it).
+        // Pass hpc.0 (the raw ConHost handle) — NOT &hpc (address of our
+        // local variable).  Passing the wrong value here is what causes
+        // STATUS_DLL_INIT_FAILED (0xC0000142) in the child: the child's
+        // kernel32 console init receives a bogus "stack address" as the HPCON,
+        // fails to connect to ConHost, and DllMain returns FALSE.
+        // Reference: every ConPTY C++ sample (including Microsoft's own) and
+        // Rust implementations (alacritty, wezterm) pass the handle value.
+        UpdateProcThreadAttribute(
+            attr_list,
+            0,
+            PROC_THREAD_ATTR_PSEUDOCONSOLE,
+            Some(hpc.0 as *const std::ffi::c_void),
+            std::mem::size_of::<HPCON>(),
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| PtyError::SpawnProcess(format!("UpdateProcThreadAttribute: {e}")))?;
+
+        let mut si_ex: STARTUPINFOEXW = std::mem::zeroed();
+        si_ex.StartupInfo.cb = std::mem::size_of::<STARTUPINFOEXW>() as u32;
+        si_ex.lpAttributeList = attr_list;
+
+        // Explicitly tell Windows NOT to inherit the parent's standard handles.
+        // Without this, the child's DLL init connects to the parent's console
+        // handles at the same time the ConPTY's conhost.exe is connecting, which
+        // causes STATUS_DLL_INIT_FAILED (0xC0000142).  The ConPTY attribute
+        // (PROC_THREAD_ATTR_PSEUDOCONSOLE) handles all console I/O independently.
+        si_ex.StartupInfo.dwFlags = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
+        si_ex.StartupInfo.hStdInput = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+        si_ex.StartupInfo.hStdOutput = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+        si_ex.StartupInfo.hStdError = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+
+        // ── Resolve shell command line ────────────────────────────────────────
+        let shell_path = match shell {
+            Some(s) => {
+                log::info!("shell: using config override {:?}", s);
+                s.to_string()
+            }
+            None => detect_shell().unwrap_or_else(|| "cmd.exe".to_string()),
+        };
+
+        let mut command_line: Vec<u16> = shell_path
+            .encode_utf16()
+            .chain(std::iter::once(0u16))
+            .collect();
+
+        // ── Spawn the shell process ───────────────────────────────────────────
+        let mut pi: PROCESS_INFORMATION = std::mem::zeroed();
+        let creation_flags = PROCESS_CREATION_FLAGS(EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT.0);
+
+        log::info!("spawning shell: {:?} cols={cols} rows={rows}", shell_path);
+
+        if let Err(e) = CreateProcessW(
+            None,
+            PWSTR(command_line.as_mut_ptr()),
+            None::<*const SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>,
+            None::<*const SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES>,
+            BOOL(0),
+            creation_flags,
+            None,
+            None,
+            &si_ex.StartupInfo as *const STARTUPINFOW,
+            &mut pi,
+        ) {
+            DeleteProcThreadAttributeList(attr_list);
+            let _ = CloseHandle(stdin_write);
+            let _ = CloseHandle(stdout_read);
+            return Err(PtyError::SpawnProcess(format!("CreateProcessW: {e}")));
+        }
+
+        DeleteProcThreadAttributeList(attr_list);
+        // We don't need the thread handle.
+        let _ = CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
+
+        let process_id = pi.dwProcessId;
+        let process_handle = pi.hProcess;
+
+        // ── Start background reader thread ────────────────────────────────────
+        let (tx, rx) = channel::<Vec<u8>>();
+        let stdout_send = SendHandle(stdout_read);
+
+        thread::Builder::new()
+            .name("winiterm-pty-reader".to_string())
+            .spawn(move || {
+                // Transfer ownership of stdout_read into this thread.
+                // std::fs::File takes ownership and closes the handle on drop.
+                let mut file = std::fs::File::from_raw_handle(stdout_send.get().0 as _);
+                pty_read_loop(&mut file, tx);
+                // file dropped here → handle closed
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| PtyError::Io(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            hpc: PseudoConsole(hpc),
+            stdin_write: SendHandle(stdin_write),
+            process_handle: SendHandle(process_handle),
+            process_id,
+            data_receiver: Some(rx),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Write `data` to the child process's stdin.
+    ///
+    /// Uses `std::io::Write` on a non-owning `File` view of the handle,
+    /// then calls `forget` to prevent the `File` from closing it.
+    pub fn write(&self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), PtyError> {
+        if data.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        // SAFETY: stdin_write is a valid writable handle for the lifetime of Pty.
+        // We use forget() to prevent File::drop from closing it.
+        let mut file = unsafe { std::fs::File::from_raw_handle(self.stdin_write.get().0 as _) };
+        let result = file
+            .write_all(data)
+            .map_err(|e| PtyError::Io(e.to_string()));
+        std::mem::forget(file);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Resize the pseudo console to `cols × rows` cells.
+    pub fn resize(&self, cols: u16, rows: u16) -> Result<(), PtyError> {
+        unsafe {
+            ResizePseudoConsole(
+                self.hpc.0,
+                COORD {
+                    X: cols as i16,
+                    Y: rows as i16,
+                },
+            )
+            .map_err(|e| PtyError::Resize(e.to_string()))?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the child process has exited.
+    pub fn child_exited(&self) -> bool {
+        let mut exit_code = 0u32;
+        unsafe {
+            match GetExitCodeProcess(self.process_handle.get(), &mut exit_code) {
+                Ok(()) => {
+                    if exit_code != STILL_ACTIVE {
+                        log::info!("child_exited: exit_code={exit_code}");
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::info!("child_exited: GetExitCodeProcess error: {e}");
+                    true
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Take the data receiver out of this `Pty`.
+    pub fn take_receiver(&mut self) -> Option<Receiver<Vec<u8>>> {
+        self.data_receiver.take()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Pty {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            let _ = TerminateProcess(self.process_handle.get(), 0);
+            let _ = CloseHandle(self.stdin_write.get());
+            let _ = CloseHandle(self.process_handle.get());
+            // hpc is closed by PseudoConsole::drop.
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Internal helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Blocking read loop — runs on the dedicated PTY reader thread.
+fn pty_read_loop(file: &mut std::fs::File, sender: Sender<Vec<u8>>) {
+    let mut buf = vec![0u8; 8192];
+    loop {
+        match file.read(&mut buf) {
+            Ok(0) | Err(_) => break,
+            Ok(n) => {
+                if sender.send(buf[..n].to_vec()).is_err() {
+                    break; // Receiver was dropped — stop reading.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Auto-detect the preferred shell.
+///
+/// `cmd.exe` is always preferred: it is a plain Win32 binary with no complex
+/// DLL initialisation.  `pwsh.exe` and `powershell.exe` load the .NET / CLR
+/// runtime during DLL init, which can fail with `STATUS_DLL_INIT_FAILED`
+/// (0xC0000142) inside a ConPTY.  Users who prefer PowerShell can set
+/// `shell = "pwsh.exe"` (or the full path) in their `config.lua`.
+///
+/// We look for `cmd.exe` via its guaranteed path (`%SystemRoot%\System32\`)
+/// rather than `where.exe` so that the check succeeds even in minimal PATH
+/// environments and even after `FreeConsole()` detaches the parent console.
+fn detect_shell() -> Option<String> {
+    // Primary: guaranteed path for cmd.exe.
+    if let Ok(root) = std::env::var("SystemRoot") {
+        let path = format!(r"{root}\System32\cmd.exe");
+        if std::path::Path::new(&path).exists() {
+            log::info!("detect_shell: using {}", path);
+            return Some(path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fallback: PATH-based search for Win32 shells only (no pwsh / .NET).
+    for candidate in &["cmd.exe", "powershell.exe"] {
+        if std::process::Command::new("where")
+            .arg(candidate)
+            .output()
+            .map(|o| o.status.success())
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        {
+            log::info!("detect_shell: found {} via PATH", candidate);
+            return Some(candidate.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+
+    log::warn!("detect_shell: all candidates failed, defaulting to cmd.exe");
+    Some("cmd.exe".to_string())
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/renderer/glyph.rs b/winiterm/src/renderer/glyph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bcc604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/renderer/glyph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//! Glyph atlas: font discovery, rasterisation, and UV lookup.
+//!
+//! Uses [`fontdb`] to locate the best available monospace font and [`swash`]
+//! to rasterise glyphs into a single R8-greyscale texture atlas.
+//!
+//! Layout: the atlas is a uniform grid of `cell_width × cell_height` slots.
+//! Each slot holds exactly one character; unused slots are zeroed.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+// ─── Atlas ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Greyscale (R8) glyph texture atlas for a monospace font.
+pub struct GlyphAtlas {
+    /// Raw R8 pixel data (one byte per pixel).
+    pub data: Vec<u8>,
+    /// Atlas dimensions in pixels.
+    pub width: u32,
+    pub height: u32,
+    /// Dimensions of each cell slot.
+    pub cell_width: u32,
+    pub cell_height: u32,
+    /// Distance from the top of a cell to the text baseline (pixels).
+    pub baseline: u32,
+    /// Number of cell slots per atlas row.
+    cols_per_row: u32,
+    /// Char → (slot_column, slot_row).
+    entries: HashMap<char, (u32, u32)>,
+    /// Index of the next free slot (for future on-demand rasterisation).
+    next_slot: u32,
+}
+
+impl GlyphAtlas {
+    const ATLAS_W: u32 = 1024;
+    const ATLAS_H: u32 = 1024;
+
+    /// Build an atlas at `font_size` physical pixels using the best available
+    /// monospace system font.
+    pub fn build(font_size: f32) -> Self {
+        let mut db = fontdb::Database::new();
+        db.load_system_fonts();
+
+        let query = fontdb::Query {
+            families: &[
+                fontdb::Family::Name("Cascadia Code"),
+                fontdb::Family::Name("Cascadia Mono"),
+                fontdb::Family::Name("Consolas"),
+                fontdb::Family::Name("Courier New"),
+                fontdb::Family::Monospace,
+            ],
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+
+        let id = db
+            .query(&query)
+            .expect("no monospace font found on this system");
+        db.with_face_data(id, |data, face_index| {
+            Self::build_from_data(data, face_index as usize, font_size)
+        })
+        .expect("font face data unavailable")
+    }
+
+    fn build_from_data(font_data: &[u8], face_index: usize, font_size: f32) -> Self {
+        use swash::scale::{Render, ScaleContext, Source};
+        use swash::zeno::Format;
+
+        let font =
+            swash::FontRef::from_index(font_data, face_index).expect("invalid font face index");
+
+        // ── Metrics ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let metrics = font.metrics(&[]).scale(font_size);
+        let cell_width = metrics.average_width.ceil().max(1.0) as u32;
+        let ascent = metrics.ascent.ceil() as u32;
+        // `descent` is typically negative; take the magnitude.
+        let descent = metrics.descent.abs().ceil() as u32;
+        let cell_height = ascent + descent;
+        let baseline = ascent;
+
+        let cols_per_row = Self::ATLAS_W / cell_width;
+        let mut data = vec![0u8; (Self::ATLAS_W * Self::ATLAS_H) as usize];
+        let mut entries = HashMap::new();
+        let mut next_slot = 0u32;
+
+        // ── Unicode ranges to pre-rasterise ──────────────────────────────────
+        //
+        // These ranges cover everything a modern terminal is likely to render:
+        //   • Basic Latin (printable ASCII)
+        //   • Latin-1 Supplement + Extended-A (accented European characters)
+        //   • Box Drawing, Block Elements, Geometric Shapes (TUI apps: htop,
+        //     vim, tmux, ncurses borders)
+        //   • Powerline Symbols (oh-my-zsh, starship, powerline prompts)
+        const RASTERIZE_RANGES: &[(u32, u32)] = &[
+            (0x0020, 0x007E), // Basic Latin (printable ASCII)
+            (0x00A0, 0x00FF), // Latin-1 Supplement
+            (0x0100, 0x017F), // Latin Extended-A
+            (0x2500, 0x257F), // Box Drawing
+            (0x2580, 0x259F), // Block Elements
+            (0x25A0, 0x25FF), // Geometric Shapes
+            (0xE0A0, 0xE0D4), // Powerline Symbols
+        ];
+
+        let charmap = font.charmap();
+        let mut ctx = ScaleContext::new();
+        let mut scaler = ctx.builder(font).size(font_size).hint(true).build();
+
+        for &(range_start, range_end) in RASTERIZE_RANGES {
+            for codepoint in range_start..=range_end {
+                let ch = match char::from_u32(codepoint) {
+                    Some(c) => c,
+                    None => continue,
+                };
+                let glyph_id = charmap.map(ch);
+
+                let slot_col = next_slot % cols_per_row;
+                let slot_row = next_slot / cols_per_row;
+                entries.insert(ch, (slot_col, slot_row));
+                next_slot += 1;
+
+                // Abort if we've run out of atlas space (should never happen
+                // with the current ranges at any reasonable font size).
+                if (slot_row + 1) * cell_height > Self::ATLAS_H {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                let image = Render::new(&[Source::Outline])
+                    .format(Format::Alpha)
+                    .render(&mut scaler, glyph_id);
+
+                if let Some(img) = image {
+                    let p = &img.placement;
+                    // Pixel position of the glyph image's top-left corner within
+                    // the atlas (accounts for left-bearing and baseline offset).
+                    let origin_x = (slot_col * cell_width) as i32 + p.left;
+                    let origin_y = (slot_row * cell_height) as i32 + (baseline as i32 - p.top);
+
+                    for gy in 0..p.height as i32 {
+                        for gx in 0..p.width as i32 {
+                            let ax = origin_x + gx;
+                            let ay = origin_y + gy;
+                            if ax >= 0
+                                && ay >= 0
+                                && (ax as u32) < Self::ATLAS_W
+                                && (ay as u32) < Self::ATLAS_H
+                            {
+                                let src = (gy * p.width as i32 + gx) as usize;
+                                let dst = (ay as u32 * Self::ATLAS_W + ax as u32) as usize;
+                                if src < img.data.len() {
+                                    data[dst] = img.data[src];
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            data,
+            width: Self::ATLAS_W,
+            height: Self::ATLAS_H,
+            cell_width,
+            cell_height,
+            baseline,
+            cols_per_row,
+            entries,
+            next_slot,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return `(u_min, v_min, u_size, v_size)` for `ch` in normalised UV space.
+    ///
+    /// Falls back to the space character for any unmapped codepoint.
+    pub fn glyph_uv(&self, ch: char) -> (f32, f32, f32, f32) {
+        let (col, row) = self
+            .entries
+            .get(&ch)
+            .or_else(|| self.entries.get(&' '))
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or((0, 0));
+
+        let u = (col * self.cell_width) as f32 / self.width as f32;
+        let v = (row * self.cell_height) as f32 / self.height as f32;
+        let uw = self.cell_width as f32 / self.width as f32;
+        let vh = self.cell_height as f32 / self.height as f32;
+        (u, v, uw, vh)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/renderer/mod.rs b/winiterm/src/renderer/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b0d287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/renderer/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1061 @@
+//! GPU renderer for the terminal grid (Phase 4 rewrite).
+//!
+//! Architecture is unchanged from Phase 3:
+//! * One **vertex buffer** — 4 unit-quad corners (`TriangleStrip`).
+//! * One **instance buffer** — one [`CellInstance`] per rendered cell.
+//! * A single draw call per frame.
+//!
+//! New in Phase 4:
+//! * Multi-pane rendering via [`Renderer::render_workspace`].
+//! * Colour scheme support: `set_color_scheme` updates the default fg/bg and
+//!   the 16-colour ANSI palette at runtime.
+//! * Tab-bar rendering at the top of the window.
+//! * Inactive-pane dimming (× 0.6 on foreground, × 0.7 on background).
+
+mod glyph;
+pub use glyph::GlyphAtlas;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::colorscheme::ColorScheme;
+use crate::split::Rect;
+use crate::terminal::{Cell, CellAttrs, Color, Terminal, TerminalModes};
+use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};
+use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
+use winit::window::Window;
+
+// ─── GPU data types ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Pod, Zeroable)]
+struct QuadVertex {
+    pos: [f32; 2],
+}
+
+const QUAD_VERTS: &[QuadVertex] = &[
+    QuadVertex { pos: [0.0, 0.0] },
+    QuadVertex { pos: [1.0, 0.0] },
+    QuadVertex { pos: [0.0, 1.0] },
+    QuadVertex { pos: [1.0, 1.0] },
+];
+
+/// Per-cell GPU instance (68 bytes: 64 bytes data + 4 bytes attrs).
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Pod, Zeroable)]
+struct CellInstance {
+    cell_pos:  [f32; 2],  // offset  0
+    cell_size: [f32; 2],  // offset  8
+    uv_offset: [f32; 2],  // offset 16
+    uv_size:   [f32; 2],  // offset 24
+    fg_color:  [f32; 4],  // offset 32
+    bg_color:  [f32; 4],  // offset 48
+    attrs:     u32,        // offset 64 — CellAttrs bits (underline, strikethrough, …)
+    _pad:      u32,        // offset 68 — pad to 72 bytes (4-byte aligned)
+}
+
+const MAX_INSTANCES: usize = 512 * 200 + 64;
+
+/// Maximum number of simultaneous Kitty image placements rendered per frame.
+const MAX_KITTY_INSTANCES: usize = 256;
+
+// ─── Kitty GPU texture ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A single Kitty image uploaded to the GPU as an `Rgba8Unorm` texture.
+struct KittyGpuTexture {
+    /// Keeps the underlying GPU texture alive for as long as the bind group.
+    _texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    /// Bind group that wraps this image's texture (same layout as the glyph atlas).
+    bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+// ─── Renderer ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub struct Renderer {
+    device: Arc<wgpu::Device>,
+    queue: Arc<wgpu::Queue>,
+    surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
+    config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    vertex_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    instance_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    uniform_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    _atlas_texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    atlas: GlyphAtlas,
+    pub cell_width: f32,
+    pub cell_height: f32,
+    pub cols: u16,
+    pub rows: u16,
+    // ── Colour scheme ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    pub scheme_fg: [f32; 4],
+    pub scheme_bg: [f32; 4],
+    /// Cursor block colour from the active scheme.
+    pub scheme_cursor: [f32; 4],
+    /// The 16 ANSI colours from the active scheme (used for Color::Indexed 0–15).
+    scheme_ansi: [[u8; 3]; 16],
+    // ── Frame timing (render_timing feature) ───────────────────────────────
+    #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+    frame_timer_last: std::time::Instant,
+    #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+    frame_timer_count: u32,
+    #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+    pub fps: f32,
+    // ── Kitty Graphics Protocol GPU resources ──────────────────────────────
+    /// Shared bind group layout reused when creating per-image bind groups.
+    bgl: wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
+    /// Shared sampler reused in per-image bind groups.
+    atlas_sampler: wgpu::Sampler,
+    /// Pipeline for rendering Kitty RGBA images (same vertex layout, `fs_kitty_main`).
+    kitty_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    /// Instance buffer for Kitty image placements (MAX_KITTY_INSTANCES slots).
+    kitty_instance_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    /// Per-image GPU textures, keyed by Kitty image ID.
+    kitty_textures: HashMap<u32, KittyGpuTexture>,
+}
+
+impl Renderer {
+    /// Create the renderer.  `base_font_size` is in logical pixels and is
+    /// scaled by the display's DPI factor.
+    pub fn new(window: Arc<Window>, base_font_size: f32) -> Self {
+        pollster::block_on(Self::init(window, base_font_size))
+    }
+
+    async fn init(window: Arc<Window>, base_font_size: f32) -> Self {
+        let size = window.inner_size();
+        let scale = window.scale_factor() as f32;
+        let font_size = (base_font_size * scale).round().max(8.0);
+
+        // ── wgpu instance ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
+            backends: wgpu::Backends::all(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        let surface = instance
+            .create_surface(window.clone())
+            .expect("create_surface failed");
+
+        let adapter = instance
+            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+                power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance,
+                compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
+                force_fallback_adapter: false,
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("no suitable GPU adapter found");
+
+        let (device, queue) = adapter
+            .request_device(
+                &wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("winiterm"),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+                None,
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("request_device failed");
+
+        let device = Arc::new(device);
+        let queue = Arc::new(queue);
+
+        let caps = surface.get_capabilities(&adapter);
+        let format = caps
+            .formats
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| !f.is_srgb())
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(caps.formats[0]);
+
+        let config = wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+            format,
+            width: size.width.max(1),
+            height: size.height.max(1),
+            present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::AutoVsync,
+            desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
+            alpha_mode: caps.alpha_modes[0],
+            view_formats: vec![],
+        };
+        surface.configure(&device, &config);
+
+        // ── Glyph atlas ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let atlas = GlyphAtlas::build(font_size);
+        let cell_width = atlas.cell_width as f32;
+        let cell_height = atlas.cell_height as f32;
+        let cols = (size.width as f32 / cell_width).floor() as u16;
+        let rows = (size.height as f32 / cell_height).floor() as u16;
+
+        let atlas_texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label: Some("glyph_atlas"),
+            size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+                width: atlas.width,
+                height: atlas.height,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::R8Unorm,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+            view_formats: &[],
+        });
+        queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
+                texture: &atlas_texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+            },
+            &atlas.data,
+            wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: Some(atlas.width),
+                rows_per_image: Some(atlas.height),
+            },
+            wgpu::Extent3d {
+                width: atlas.width,
+                height: atlas.height,
+                depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+            },
+        );
+
+        let atlas_view = atlas_texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        let atlas_sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+            label: Some("atlas_sampler"),
+            mag_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            min_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        // ── Uniform buffer (screen_size vec2 + 8 bytes pad = 16 bytes) ────────
+        let screen_data: [f32; 4] = [size.width as f32, size.height as f32, 0.0, 0.0];
+        let uniform_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("uniforms"),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&screen_data),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+        });
+
+        // ── Bind group ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let bgl = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: Some("terminal_bgl"),
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                        min_binding_size: None,
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 1,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                        multisampled: false,
+                        view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                        sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: true },
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 2,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Sampler(wgpu::SamplerBindingType::Filtering),
+                    count: None,
+                },
+            ],
+        });
+
+        let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: Some("terminal_bg"),
+            layout: &bgl,
+            entries: &[
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    resource: uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 1,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&atlas_view),
+                },
+                wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                    binding: 2,
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&atlas_sampler),
+                },
+            ],
+        });
+
+        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some("terminal_shader"),
+            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(include_str!(
+                "shader.wgsl"
+            ))),
+        });
+
+        let pipeline_layout =
+            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+                label: Some("terminal_pipeline_layout"),
+                bind_group_layouts: &[&bgl],
+                push_constant_ranges: &[],
+            });
+
+        // ── Glyph pipeline ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("terminal_pipeline"),
+            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: "vs_main",
+                buffers: &[
+                    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                        array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<QuadVertex>() as u64,
+                        step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+                        attributes: &[wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                            offset: 0,
+                            shader_location: 0,
+                            format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2,
+                        }],
+                    },
+                    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                        array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>() as u64,
+                        step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+                        attributes: &[
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 0,  shader_location: 1, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 8,  shader_location: 2, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 16, shader_location: 3, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 24, shader_location: 4, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 32, shader_location: 5, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 48, shader_location: 6, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 64, shader_location: 7, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32 },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                ],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: "fs_main",
+                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+                    format,
+                    blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::ALPHA_BLENDING),
+                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+                })],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
+                topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview: None,
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        // ── Kitty image pipeline (same vertex layout, RGBA fragment) ──────────
+        let kitty_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: Some("kitty_pipeline"),
+            layout: Some(&pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: "vs_main",
+                buffers: &[
+                    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                        array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<QuadVertex>() as u64,
+                        step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+                        attributes: &[wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                            offset: 0,
+                            shader_location: 0,
+                            format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2,
+                        }],
+                    },
+                    wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+                        array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>() as u64,
+                        step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+                        attributes: &[
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 0,  shader_location: 1, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 8,  shader_location: 2, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 16, shader_location: 3, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 24, shader_location: 4, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 32, shader_location: 5, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 48, shader_location: 6, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4 },
+                            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: 64, shader_location: 7, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32 },
+                        ],
+                    },
+                ],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: "fs_kitty_main",
+                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+                    format,
+                    blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::ALPHA_BLENDING),
+                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+                })],
+                compilation_options: Default::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
+                topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview: None,
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        let vertex_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("quad_verts"),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(QUAD_VERTS),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+        });
+
+        let instance_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("cell_instances"),
+            size: (MAX_INSTANCES * std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>()) as u64,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+
+        let kitty_instance_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("kitty_instances"),
+            size: (MAX_KITTY_INSTANCES * std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>()) as u64,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+
+        // Default to Monokai until the app calls set_color_scheme.
+        let default_scheme = &crate::colorscheme::MONOKAI;
+        let scheme_fg = ColorScheme::to_rgba(default_scheme.foreground);
+        let scheme_bg = ColorScheme::to_rgba(default_scheme.background);
+        let scheme_cursor = ColorScheme::to_rgba(default_scheme.cursor);
+        let scheme_ansi = default_scheme.ansi;
+
+        Self {
+            device,
+            queue,
+            surface,
+            config,
+            pipeline,
+            vertex_buffer,
+            instance_buffer,
+            uniform_buffer,
+            bind_group,
+            _atlas_texture: atlas_texture,
+            atlas,
+            cell_width,
+            cell_height,
+            cols,
+            rows,
+            scheme_fg,
+            scheme_bg,
+            scheme_cursor,
+            scheme_ansi,
+            #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+            frame_timer_last: std::time::Instant::now(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+            frame_timer_count: 0,
+            #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+            fps: 0.0,
+            bgl,
+            atlas_sampler,
+            kitty_pipeline,
+            kitty_instance_buffer,
+            kitty_textures: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Public interface ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Terminal dimensions derived from the current window size and cell size.
+    pub fn terminal_size(&self) -> (u16, u16) {
+        (self.cols, self.rows)
+    }
+
+    /// Surface (swapchain) size in physical pixels.
+    pub fn surface_size(&self) -> (u32, u32) {
+        (self.config.width, self.config.height)
+    }
+
+    /// Handle a window resize.
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) {
+        if width == 0 || height == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.config.width = width;
+        self.config.height = height;
+        self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+        self.cols = (width as f32 / self.cell_width).floor() as u16;
+        self.rows = (height as f32 / self.cell_height).floor() as u16;
+        let data: [f32; 4] = [width as f32, height as f32, 0.0, 0.0];
+        self.queue
+            .write_buffer(&self.uniform_buffer, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&data));
+    }
+
+    /// Update the active colour scheme.
+    pub fn set_color_scheme(&mut self, scheme: &ColorScheme) {
+        self.scheme_fg = ColorScheme::to_rgba(scheme.foreground);
+        self.scheme_bg = ColorScheme::to_rgba(scheme.background);
+        self.scheme_cursor = ColorScheme::to_rgba(scheme.cursor);
+        self.scheme_ansi = scheme.ansi;
+    }
+
+    // ── Single-terminal render (backward compat / bench) ──────────────────────
+
+    /// Render a single terminal occupying the full window.
+    pub fn render(&mut self, terminal: &Terminal) {
+        let mut instances = Vec::with_capacity(terminal.cols * terminal.rows + 1);
+        let rect = Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, self.config.width as f32, self.config.height as f32);
+        self.push_pane_cells(&mut instances, terminal, &rect, true, 0);
+        self.submit_frame(&instances, &[]);
+    }
+
+    // ── Workspace render (multi-pane + tab bar) ───────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Render the full workspace: tab bar + all panes in the active tab.
+    pub fn render_workspace(&mut self, workspace: &mut crate::workspace::Workspace) {
+        // E1: Evict GPU textures for images deleted by `a=d` since the last frame.
+        for pane_id in workspace.current_tab_panes() {
+            if let Some(pane) = workspace.pane_mut(pane_id) {
+                for id in pane.terminal.kitty_deleted_ids.drain(..) {
+                    self.kitty_textures.remove(&id);
+                    log::debug!("evicted Kitty GPU texture id={id}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Upload any Kitty images that arrived since the last frame.
+        self.ensure_kitty_textures(workspace);
+
+        let w = self.config.width as f32;
+        let h = self.config.height as f32;
+
+        let mut instances = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_INSTANCES / 2);
+
+        // 1. Tab bar (occupies y=0 … y=cell_height).
+        self.push_tab_bar(&mut instances, workspace);
+
+        // 2. All panes in the active tab.
+        let rects = workspace.layout(w, h, self.cell_height);
+        let active_id = workspace.active_pane_id();
+
+        for pane_id in workspace.current_tab_panes() {
+            if let (Some(pane), Some(rect)) =
+                (workspace.pane(pane_id), rects.get(&pane_id))
+            {
+                self.push_pane_cells(
+                    &mut instances,
+                    &pane.terminal,
+                    rect,
+                    pane_id == active_id,
+                    pane.scroll_offset,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        instances.truncate(MAX_INSTANCES);
+
+        // FPS overlay (only compiled when the `render_timing` feature is on).
+        #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+        self.push_fps_overlay(&mut instances);
+
+        // 3. Collect Kitty image placements for this frame.
+        let mut kitty: Vec<(u32, CellInstance)> = Vec::new();
+        for pane_id in workspace.current_tab_panes() {
+            if let (Some(pane), Some(rect)) =
+                (workspace.pane(pane_id), rects.get(&pane_id))
+            {
+                for placement in &pane.terminal.kitty_placements {
+                    let x = rect.x + placement.col as f32 * self.cell_width;
+                    let y = rect.y + placement.row as f32 * self.cell_height;
+                    kitty.push((
+                        placement.image_id,
+                        CellInstance {
+                            cell_pos:  [x, y],
+                            cell_size: [placement.pixel_width as f32, placement.pixel_height as f32],
+                            uv_offset: [0.0, 0.0],
+                            uv_size:   [1.0, 1.0],
+                            fg_color:  [0.0; 4],
+                            bg_color:  [0.0; 4],
+                            attrs:     0,
+                            _pad:      0,
+                        },
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Sort so we can batch draw calls by image_id.
+        kitty.sort_unstable_by_key(|(id, _)| *id);
+        kitty.truncate(MAX_KITTY_INSTANCES);
+
+        self.submit_frame(&instances, &kitty);
+    }
+
+    // ── Private: GPU submit ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Submit one frame.
+    ///
+    /// `instances` are the glyph/cell quads.
+    /// `kitty` is a list of `(image_id, CellInstance)` pairs, **sorted by
+    /// image_id**, describing Kitty image placements to render on top.
+    fn submit_frame(&mut self, instances: &[CellInstance], kitty: &[(u32, CellInstance)]) {
+        let output = match self.surface.get_current_texture() {
+            Ok(t) => t,
+            Err(wgpu::SurfaceError::Lost | wgpu::SurfaceError::Outdated) => {
+                self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+                return;
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::warn!("surface error: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let view = output
+            .texture
+            .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+
+        // ── Upload cell instances ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+        if !instances.is_empty() {
+            self.queue.write_buffer(
+                &self.instance_buffer,
+                0,
+                bytemuck::cast_slice(instances),
+            );
+        }
+
+        // ── Upload Kitty instances ────────────────────────────────────────────
+        if !kitty.is_empty() {
+            let kitty_insts: Vec<CellInstance> = kitty.iter().map(|(_, i)| *i).collect();
+            self.queue.write_buffer(
+                &self.kitty_instance_buffer,
+                0,
+                bytemuck::cast_slice(&kitty_insts),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let bg = self.scheme_bg;
+        let mut encoder =
+            self.device
+                .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("frame_encoder"),
+                });
+        {
+            let mut pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                label: Some("terminal_pass"),
+                color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                    view: &view,
+                    resolve_target: None,
+                    ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                        load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
+                            r: bg[0] as f64,
+                            g: bg[1] as f64,
+                            b: bg[2] as f64,
+                            a: 1.0,
+                        }),
+                        store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                    },
+                })],
+                depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                timestamp_writes: None,
+                occlusion_query_set: None,
+            });
+
+            // ── Glyph / cell draw ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+            pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
+            pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.bind_group, &[]);
+            pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..));
+            pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instance_buffer.slice(..));
+            pass.draw(0..4, 0..instances.len() as u32);
+
+            // ── Kitty image draws (grouped by image_id) ───────────────────────
+            if !kitty.is_empty() {
+                pass.set_pipeline(&self.kitty_pipeline);
+                pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.kitty_instance_buffer.slice(..));
+
+                let mut offset = 0u32;
+                let mut i = 0;
+                while i < kitty.len() {
+                    let image_id = kitty[i].0;
+                    let group_start = offset;
+                    // Count how many consecutive entries share this image_id.
+                    while i < kitty.len() && kitty[i].0 == image_id {
+                        i += 1;
+                        offset += 1;
+                    }
+                    // Draw this group with the image's bind group, if uploaded.
+                    if let Some(gpu_tex) = self.kitty_textures.get(&image_id) {
+                        pass.set_bind_group(0, &gpu_tex.bind_group, &[]);
+                        pass.draw(0..4, group_start..offset);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
+        output.present();
+
+        // Update FPS counter.
+        #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+        {
+            self.frame_timer_count += 1;
+            let elapsed = self.frame_timer_last.elapsed().as_secs_f32();
+            if elapsed >= 1.0 {
+                self.fps = self.frame_timer_count as f32 / elapsed;
+                self.frame_timer_count = 0;
+                self.frame_timer_last = std::time::Instant::now();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Private: cell helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Append instances for every cell in `terminal`, positioned within `rect`.
+    ///
+    /// `scroll_offset` — number of scrollback lines the viewport is shifted up.
+    /// 0 = live bottom (normal mode); > 0 = historic view from the scrollback buffer.
+    fn push_pane_cells(
+        &self,
+        instances: &mut Vec<CellInstance>,
+        terminal: &Terminal,
+        rect: &Rect,
+        is_active: bool,
+        scroll_offset: usize,
+    ) {
+        let offset = scroll_offset.min(terminal.scrollback.len());
+
+        if offset == 0 {
+            // Fast path: render the live screen directly.
+            for row in 0..terminal.rows {
+                for col in 0..terminal.cols {
+                    let cell = terminal.screen[row * terminal.cols + col];
+                    if cell.attrs.contains(CellAttrs::WIDE_CONT) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let x = rect.x + col as f32 * self.cell_width;
+                    let y = rect.y + row as f32 * self.cell_height;
+                    self.push_cell(instances, &cell, x, y, is_active, false);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Composite view: some rows from scrollback, rest from the top of screen.
+            let sb_len = terminal.scrollback.len();
+            // How many of the visible rows come from the scrollback buffer.
+            let scrollback_rows = offset.min(terminal.rows);
+            let screen_rows = terminal.rows.saturating_sub(scrollback_rows);
+            // Index of the first scrollback line to show.
+            let sb_start = sb_len.saturating_sub(offset);
+
+            for (vi, si) in (sb_start..sb_start + scrollback_rows).enumerate() {
+                if si >= sb_len {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let sb_row = &terminal.scrollback[si];
+                for col in 0..terminal.cols.min(sb_row.len()) {
+                    let cell = sb_row[col];
+                    if cell.attrs.contains(CellAttrs::WIDE_CONT) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let x = rect.x + col as f32 * self.cell_width;
+                    let y = rect.y + vi as f32 * self.cell_height;
+                    self.push_cell(instances, &cell, x, y, is_active, false);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for row in 0..screen_rows {
+                for col in 0..terminal.cols {
+                    let cell = terminal.screen[row * terminal.cols + col];
+                    if cell.attrs.contains(CellAttrs::WIDE_CONT) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let x = rect.x + col as f32 * self.cell_width;
+                    let y = rect.y + (scrollback_rows + row) as f32 * self.cell_height;
+                    self.push_cell(instances, &cell, x, y, is_active, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Draw the cursor only when the viewport is at the live bottom.
+        if offset == 0 && terminal.modes.contains(TerminalModes::CURSOR_VIS) {
+            let cx = terminal.cursor.col;
+            let cy = terminal.cursor.row;
+            if cx < terminal.cols && cy < terminal.rows {
+                let cell = terminal.screen[cy * terminal.cols + cx];
+                let x = rect.x + cx as f32 * self.cell_width;
+                let y = rect.y + cy as f32 * self.cell_height;
+                self.push_cell(instances, &cell, x, y, is_active, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Append a single cell instance.
+    fn push_cell(
+        &self,
+        instances: &mut Vec<CellInstance>,
+        cell: &Cell,
+        x: f32,
+        y: f32,
+        is_active: bool,
+        invert: bool,
+    ) {
+        let dim_fg = if is_active { 1.0f32 } else { 0.55 };
+        let dim_bg = if is_active { 1.0f32 } else { 0.65 };
+
+        let mut fg = self.color_to_rgba(&cell.fg, self.scheme_fg);
+        let mut bg = self.color_to_rgba(&cell.bg, self.scheme_bg);
+
+        // Dim inactive panes.
+        for c in &mut fg[..3] { *c *= dim_fg; }
+        for c in &mut bg[..3] { *c *= dim_bg; }
+
+        // REVERSE attribute XOR cursor invert.
+        if cell.attrs.contains(CellAttrs::REVERSE) ^ invert {
+            std::mem::swap(&mut fg, &mut bg);
+        }
+
+        let (uv_x, uv_y, uv_w, uv_h) = self.atlas.glyph_uv(cell.ch);
+        // Wide characters (CJK, wide emoji) occupy two cell columns.
+        let cell_w = if cell.attrs.contains(CellAttrs::WIDE) {
+            self.cell_width * 2.0
+        } else {
+            self.cell_width
+        };
+        // Cursor block: override background with the scheme cursor colour (B4).
+        if invert {
+            bg = self.scheme_cursor;
+        }
+        instances.push(CellInstance {
+            cell_pos:  [x, y],
+            cell_size: [cell_w, self.cell_height],
+            uv_offset: [uv_x, uv_y],
+            uv_size:   [uv_w, uv_h],
+            fg_color:  fg,
+            bg_color:  bg,
+            attrs:     cell.attrs.bits() as u32,
+            _pad:      0,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // ── Private: tab bar ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn push_tab_bar(
+        &self,
+        instances: &mut Vec<CellInstance>,
+        workspace: &crate::workspace::Workspace,
+    ) {
+        let screen_w = self.config.width as f32;
+        let mut x = 0.0f32;
+
+        for (i, tab) in workspace.tabs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let is_active = i == workspace.active_tab;
+
+            // Active tab: inverted (fg on scheme bg).
+            // Inactive tab: subtle highlight strip.
+            let (tab_fg, tab_bg) = if is_active {
+                (self.scheme_bg, self.scheme_fg)
+            } else {
+                let mid = |a: f32, b: f32| a * 0.6 + b * 0.4;
+                (
+                    self.scheme_fg,
+                    [
+                        mid(self.scheme_bg[0], self.scheme_fg[0]),
+                        mid(self.scheme_bg[1], self.scheme_fg[1]),
+                        mid(self.scheme_bg[2], self.scheme_fg[2]),
+                        1.0,
+                    ],
+                )
+            };
+
+            let padded = format!(" {} ", tab.name);
+            for ch in padded.chars() {
+                if x + self.cell_width > screen_w {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let (uv_x, uv_y, uv_w, uv_h) = self.atlas.glyph_uv(ch);
+                instances.push(CellInstance {
+                    cell_pos:  [x, 0.0],
+                    cell_size: [self.cell_width, self.cell_height],
+                    uv_offset: [uv_x, uv_y],
+                    uv_size:   [uv_w, uv_h],
+                    fg_color:  tab_fg,
+                    bg_color:  tab_bg,
+                    attrs:     0,
+                    _pad:      0,
+                });
+                x += self.cell_width;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Fill the rest of the tab bar row with the background colour.
+        if x < screen_w {
+            let bar_bg = dim3(self.scheme_bg, 0.75);
+            let (uv_x, uv_y, uv_w, uv_h) = self.atlas.glyph_uv(' ');
+            while x < screen_w {
+                instances.push(CellInstance {
+                    cell_pos:  [x, 0.0],
+                    cell_size: [self.cell_width, self.cell_height],
+                    uv_offset: [uv_x, uv_y],
+                    uv_size:   [uv_w, uv_h],
+                    fg_color:  bar_bg,
+                    bg_color:  bar_bg,
+                    attrs:     0,
+                    _pad:      0,
+                });
+                x += self.cell_width;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Private: Kitty texture management ────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Upload any Kitty images (from `terminal.kitty`) that have not yet been
+    /// uploaded to the GPU.  Creates an `Rgba8Unorm` texture and a bind group
+    /// for each new image and caches them in `self.kitty_textures`.
+    fn ensure_kitty_textures(&mut self, workspace: &crate::workspace::Workspace) {
+        for pane_id in workspace.current_tab_panes() {
+            if let Some(pane) = workspace.pane(pane_id) {
+                for placement in &pane.terminal.kitty_placements {
+                    let id = placement.image_id;
+                    if self.kitty_textures.contains_key(&id) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    let Some(img) = pane.terminal.kitty.get(id) else {
+                        continue;
+                    };
+                    // Upload the image as an Rgba8Unorm texture.
+                    let tex = self.device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                        label: Some("kitty_image"),
+                        size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+                            width:  img.width,
+                            height: img.height,
+                            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                        },
+                        mip_level_count: 1,
+                        sample_count: 1,
+                        dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                        format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8Unorm,
+                        usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING
+                            | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+                        view_formats: &[],
+                    });
+                    self.queue.write_texture(
+                        wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
+                            texture: &tex,
+                            mip_level: 0,
+                            origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+                            aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                        },
+                        &img.rgba,
+                        wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
+                            offset: 0,
+                            bytes_per_row: Some(img.width * 4),
+                            rows_per_image: Some(img.height),
+                        },
+                        wgpu::Extent3d {
+                            width:  img.width,
+                            height: img.height,
+                            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                        },
+                    );
+                    let view = tex.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+                    // Reuse the same bind group layout and sampler as the glyph atlas.
+                    let bind_group = self.device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                        label: Some("kitty_bind_group"),
+                        layout: &self.bgl,
+                        entries: &[
+                            wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                                binding: 0,
+                                resource: self.uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+                            },
+                            wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                                binding: 1,
+                                resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&view),
+                            },
+                            wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                                binding: 2,
+                                resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&self.atlas_sampler),
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    });
+                    self.kitty_textures.insert(id, KittyGpuTexture {
+                        _texture: tex,
+                        bind_group,
+                    });
+                    log::debug!("uploaded Kitty image id={id} ({}×{})", img.width, img.height);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Colour helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn color_to_rgba(&self, c: &Color, default: [f32; 4]) -> [f32; 4] {
+        match c {
+            Color::Default => default,
+            Color::Rgb(r, g, b) => [
+                *r as f32 / 255.0,
+                *g as f32 / 255.0,
+                *b as f32 / 255.0,
+                1.0,
+            ],
+            Color::Indexed(n) => {
+                let [r, g, b] = self.indexed_color(*n);
+                [r as f32 / 255.0, g as f32 / 255.0, b as f32 / 255.0, 1.0]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn indexed_color(&self, n: u8) -> [u8; 3] {
+        match n {
+            0..=15 => self.scheme_ansi[n as usize],
+            16..=231 => {
+                let i = n - 16;
+                let b = i % 6;
+                let g = (i / 6) % 6;
+                let r = i / 36;
+                let ch = |c: u8| if c == 0 { 0 } else { 55 + c * 40 };
+                [ch(r), ch(g), ch(b)]
+            }
+            232..=255 => {
+                let v = 8 + (n - 232) * 10;
+                [v, v, v]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── render_timing overlay (compiled only with the feature flag) ───────────
+
+    /// Push a right-aligned "FPS:NNN" string into the tab-bar row.
+    ///
+    /// Uses the previous frame's fps value so no timing is needed at push time.
+    #[cfg(feature = "render_timing")]
+    fn push_fps_overlay(&self, instances: &mut Vec<CellInstance>) {
+        let text = format!("FPS:{:4.0}", self.fps);
+        let n = text.chars().count() as f32;
+        let x_start = (self.config.width as f32 - n * self.cell_width).max(0.0);
+        let fg = [0.0f32, 1.0, 0.4, 1.0]; // bright green
+        let bg = [0.0f32, 0.0, 0.0, 0.75]; // semi-transparent black
+        for (i, ch) in text.chars().enumerate() {
+            let (uv_x, uv_y, uv_w, uv_h) = self.atlas.glyph_uv(ch);
+            instances.push(CellInstance {
+                cell_pos:  [x_start + i as f32 * self.cell_width, 0.0],
+                cell_size: [self.cell_width, self.cell_height],
+                uv_offset: [uv_x, uv_y],
+                uv_size:   [uv_w, uv_h],
+                fg_color:  fg,
+                bg_color:  bg,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Free helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Multiply the RGB channels of an `[f32; 4]` colour by `factor`.
+fn dim3(c: [f32; 4], factor: f32) -> [f32; 4] {
+    [c[0] * factor, c[1] * factor, c[2] * factor, c[3]]
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/renderer/shader.wgsl b/winiterm/src/renderer/shader.wgsl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a75d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/renderer/shader.wgsl
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+// ─── Uniforms ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Screen size in physical pixels. Padded to 16 bytes for uniform alignment.
+
+struct Uniforms {
+    screen_size: vec2<f32>,
+    _pad: vec2<f32>,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> uniforms: Uniforms;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var atlas_tex: texture_2d<f32>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var atlas_smp: sampler;
+
+// ─── Vertex stage ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// Buffer 0 (step: Vertex):  quad corners in unit space [(0,0)..(1,1)]
+// Buffer 1 (step: Instance): per-cell data
+
+struct VertexInput {
+    @location(0) pos: vec2<f32>,
+}
+
+struct InstanceInput {
+    @location(1) cell_pos:  vec2<f32>,  // top-left pixel coord of the cell
+    @location(2) cell_size: vec2<f32>,  // cell width × height in pixels
+    @location(3) uv_offset: vec2<f32>,  // atlas UV top-left (0..1)
+    @location(4) uv_size:   vec2<f32>,  // atlas UV width × height (0..1)
+    @location(5) fg_color:  vec4<f32>,  // foreground RGBA (sRGB linear)
+    @location(6) bg_color:  vec4<f32>,  // background RGBA (sRGB linear)
+    @location(7) attrs:     u32,        // CellAttrs bits (underline, strikethrough, …)
+}
+
+struct VertexOutput {
+    @builtin(position) clip_pos: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(0) uv:             vec2<f32>,   // atlas texture UV
+    @location(1) fg_color:       vec4<f32>,
+    @location(2) bg_color:       vec4<f32>,
+    @location(3) cell_uv:        vec2<f32>,   // unit quad position (0..1 within cell)
+    @location(4) @interpolate(flat) attrs: u32, // cell attribute bits (flat — no interpolation)
+}
+
+@vertex
+fn vs_main(vert: VertexInput, inst: InstanceInput) -> VertexOutput {
+    var out: VertexOutput;
+
+    // Transform unit quad → cell in pixel-space, then → NDC.
+    let px = inst.cell_pos + vert.pos * inst.cell_size;
+    let clip_x =  (px.x / uniforms.screen_size.x) * 2.0 - 1.0;
+    let clip_y = -(px.y / uniforms.screen_size.y) * 2.0 + 1.0;
+    out.clip_pos = vec4<f32>(clip_x, clip_y, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    out.uv       = inst.uv_offset + vert.pos * inst.uv_size;
+    out.fg_color = inst.fg_color;
+    out.bg_color = inst.bg_color;
+    out.cell_uv  = vert.pos;   // (0,0) = top-left, (1,1) = bottom-right of cell
+    out.attrs    = inst.attrs;
+    return out;
+}
+
+// ─── Fragment stage ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+//
+// The atlas is R8Unorm grayscale coverage.
+// alpha = 0 → pure background, alpha = 1 → pure foreground.
+//
+// CellAttrs bit masks (must match Rust CellAttrs bitflags):
+//   UNDERLINE     = 1u << 3u  =   8u
+//   UNDERLINE2    = 1u << 4u  =  16u  (double underline)
+//   STRIKETHROUGH = 1u << 8u  = 256u
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    let coverage = textureSample(atlas_tex, atlas_smp, in.uv).r;
+    var color = mix(in.bg_color, in.fg_color, coverage);
+
+    let y = in.cell_uv.y;
+
+    // Underline: solid bar at bottom ~14% of cell.
+    if (in.attrs & 8u) != 0u && y > 0.84 {
+        color = in.fg_color;
+    }
+    // Double underline: two thin bars near the bottom.
+    if (in.attrs & 16u) != 0u && ((y > 0.74 && y < 0.80) || (y > 0.88 && y < 0.94)) {
+        color = in.fg_color;
+    }
+    // Strikethrough: horizontal bar at ~50% cell height.
+    if (in.attrs & 256u) != 0u && y > 0.44 && y < 0.54 {
+        color = in.fg_color;
+    }
+
+    return color;
+}
+
+// ─── Kitty Graphics Protocol fragment stage ───────────────────────────────────
+//
+// For Kitty images the texture is Rgba8Unorm; output all four channels directly.
+
+@fragment
+fn fs_kitty_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
+    return textureSample(atlas_tex, atlas_smp, in.uv);
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/split.rs b/winiterm/src/split.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44b1c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/split.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+//! Pane split-tree and pixel-layout (Phase 4).
+//!
+//! A `SplitNode` is either a `Leaf` (one pane ID) or a `Split` that divides
+//! its allocated `Rect` between two child nodes.  Calling `layout()` on the
+//! root node with the full window rect produces a `HashMap<pane_id, Rect>`.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+// ─── Direction ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SplitDir {
+    /// Divide horizontally: left pane | right pane.
+    Horizontal,
+    /// Divide vertically: top pane / bottom pane.
+    Vertical,
+}
+
+// ─── Pixel rectangle ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// An axis-aligned rectangle in physical pixel coordinates.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Rect {
+    pub x: f32,
+    pub y: f32,
+    pub w: f32,
+    pub h: f32,
+}
+
+impl Rect {
+    pub fn new(x: f32, y: f32, w: f32, h: f32) -> Self {
+        Self { x, y, w, h }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cell_cols(&self, cell_w: f32) -> u16 {
+        (self.w / cell_w).floor().max(2.0) as u16
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cell_rows(&self, cell_h: f32) -> u16 {
+        (self.h / cell_h).floor().max(2.0) as u16
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Split node ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+pub enum SplitNode {
+    Leaf(usize), // pane_id
+    Split {
+        dir: SplitDir,
+        /// Fraction [0,1] allocated to `first`.
+        ratio: f32,
+        first: Box<SplitNode>,
+        second: Box<SplitNode>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl SplitNode {
+    // ── Layout ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Recursively assign a pixel `Rect` to every leaf pane.
+    pub fn layout(&self, rect: Rect, out: &mut HashMap<usize, Rect>) {
+        match self {
+            SplitNode::Leaf(id) => {
+                out.insert(*id, rect);
+            }
+            SplitNode::Split {
+                dir,
+                ratio,
+                first,
+                second,
+            } => {
+                let (r1, r2) = split_rect(rect, *dir, *ratio);
+                first.layout(r1, out);
+                second.layout(r2, out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Queries ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// All pane IDs in tree order (depth-first).
+    pub fn all_panes(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        match self {
+            SplitNode::Leaf(id) => vec![*id],
+            SplitNode::Split { first, second, .. } => {
+                let mut v = first.all_panes();
+                v.extend(second.all_panes());
+                v
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The first leaf ID in tree order.
+    pub fn first_pane(&self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            SplitNode::Leaf(id) => *id,
+            SplitNode::Split { first, .. } => first.first_pane(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Mutations ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Insert a new split at the `target_id` leaf, placing the new pane as
+    /// the second child.  Returns `true` if `target_id` was found.
+    pub fn split_at(&mut self, target_id: usize, dir: SplitDir, new_id: usize) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            SplitNode::Leaf(id) if *id == target_id => {
+                let old = SplitNode::Leaf(target_id);
+                *self = SplitNode::Split {
+                    dir,
+                    ratio: 0.5,
+                    first: Box::new(old),
+                    second: Box::new(SplitNode::Leaf(new_id)),
+                };
+                true
+            }
+            SplitNode::Leaf(_) => false,
+            SplitNode::Split { first, second, .. } => {
+                first.split_at(target_id, dir, new_id) || second.split_at(target_id, dir, new_id)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Remove the leaf `target_id` and collapse its parent split into the
+    /// surviving sibling.  The surviving sibling is written into `*self`.
+    /// Returns `true` if removed.
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, target_id: usize) -> bool {
+        let replaced = match self {
+            SplitNode::Split { first, second, .. } => {
+                // Check if first is the target leaf.
+                if matches!(first.as_ref(), SplitNode::Leaf(id) if *id == target_id) {
+                    Some(true) // replace self with second
+                } else if matches!(second.as_ref(), SplitNode::Leaf(id) if *id == target_id) {
+                    Some(false) // replace self with first
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        match replaced {
+            Some(take_second) => {
+                let inner = match std::mem::replace(self, SplitNode::Leaf(0)) {
+                    SplitNode::Split { first, second, .. } => {
+                        if take_second {
+                            *second
+                        } else {
+                            *first
+                        }
+                    }
+                    other => other,
+                };
+                *self = inner;
+                true
+            }
+            None => match self {
+                SplitNode::Split { first, second, .. } => {
+                    first.remove(target_id) || second.remove(target_id)
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+fn split_rect(rect: Rect, dir: SplitDir, ratio: f32) -> (Rect, Rect) {
+    match dir {
+        SplitDir::Horizontal => {
+            let w1 = (rect.w * ratio).floor();
+            let w2 = rect.w - w1;
+            (
+                Rect::new(rect.x, rect.y, w1, rect.h),
+                Rect::new(rect.x + w1, rect.y, w2, rect.h),
+            )
+        }
+        SplitDir::Vertical => {
+            let h1 = (rect.h * ratio).floor();
+            let h2 = rect.h - h1;
+            (
+                Rect::new(rect.x, rect.y, rect.w, h1),
+                Rect::new(rect.x, rect.y + h1, rect.w, h2),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/terminal.rs b/winiterm/src/terminal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..390bca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/terminal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+//! Terminal state: grid, cursor, scrollback, and all VT operations.
+//!
+//! The `Terminal` struct is the authoritative model of what is displayed.
+//! The VT parser drives it by calling public methods in response to escape
+//! sequences.  The renderer (Phase 3) reads it to produce GPU draw calls.
+
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+
+use crate::kitty::KittyRegistry;
+
+// ─── Color ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A terminal color: default (inherits theme), a 256-color palette index, or
+/// a 24-bit RGB value.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub enum Color {
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    Indexed(u8),
+    Rgb(u8, u8, u8),
+}
+
+// ─── Cell attributes ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+bitflags! {
+    /// Text rendering attributes packed into a single `u16`.
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+    pub struct CellAttrs: u16 {
+        const BOLD          = 1 << 0;
+        const DIM           = 1 << 1;
+        const ITALIC        = 1 << 2;
+        const UNDERLINE     = 1 << 3;
+        const UNDERLINE2    = 1 << 4;  // double underline
+        const BLINK         = 1 << 5;
+        const REVERSE       = 1 << 6;
+        const INVISIBLE     = 1 << 7;
+        const STRIKETHROUGH = 1 << 8;
+        const WIDE          = 1 << 9;  // occupies two columns (CJK / wide emoji)
+        const WIDE_CONT     = 1 << 10; // second column of a wide character
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Cell ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A single terminal grid cell.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Cell {
+    pub ch: char,
+    pub fg: Color,
+    pub bg: Color,
+    pub attrs: CellAttrs,
+}
+
+impl Cell {
+    /// A blank cell with the given colors/attributes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new(ch: char, fg: Color, bg: Color, attrs: CellAttrs) -> Self {
+        Self { ch, fg, bg, attrs }
+    }
+
+    /// Blank cell using default colors.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn blank() -> Self {
+        Self::new(' ', Color::Default, Color::Default, CellAttrs::empty())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Cell {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::blank()
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Cursor ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum CursorShape {
+    #[default]
+    Block,
+    Beam,
+    Underline,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct Cursor {
+    pub col: usize,
+    pub row: usize,
+    pub shape: CursorShape,
+}
+
+// ─── Terminal modes ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+bitflags! {
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+    pub struct TerminalModes: u32 {
+        /// DECAWM — auto-wrap at end of line.
+        const AUTO_WRAP      = 1 << 0;
+        /// DECTCEM — cursor visible.
+        const CURSOR_VIS     = 1 << 1;
+        /// DECSET 1049 — alternate screen active.
+        const ALT_SCREEN     = 1 << 2;
+        /// XTerm mouse tracking (any mode active).
+        const MOUSE          = 1 << 3;
+        /// DECSET 2004 — bracketed paste.
+        const BRACKET_PASTE  = 1 << 4;
+        /// DECSET 1004 — focus events.
+        const FOCUS_EVENTS   = 1 << 5;
+        /// DECSET 25 / DECTCEM — separate flag mirroring CURSOR_VIS for clarity.
+        const INSERT_MODE    = 1 << 6;
+        /// DECCKM — application cursor keys (SS3 instead of CSI for arrows).
+        const DECCKM         = 1 << 7;
+    }
+}
+
+// ─── Kitty Graphics ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A placed Kitty image: the image is rendered at cell `(col, row)`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct KittyPlacement {
+    pub image_id: u32,
+    pub col: usize,
+    pub row: usize,
+    pub pixel_width: u32,
+    pub pixel_height: u32,
+}
+
+// ─── Terminal ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// The complete state of a terminal emulator instance.
+pub struct Terminal {
+    pub cols: usize,
+    pub rows: usize,
+
+    /// Active screen buffer, row-major: `screen[row * cols + col]`.
+    pub screen: Vec<Cell>,
+
+    /// Scrollback lines; oldest at index 0, newest at the back.
+    pub scrollback: VecDeque<Vec<Cell>>,
+    /// Maximum number of scrollback lines to retain.
+    pub scrollback_lines: usize,
+
+    // ── Cursor ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    pub cursor: Cursor,
+    /// DECSC / DECRC saved cursor.
+    saved_cursor: Option<Cursor>,
+    /// When `true` the cursor is logically *past* the last column and will wrap
+    /// before the next printable character is written.
+    pub pending_wrap: bool,
+
+    // ── Alternate screen ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    alt_screen: Option<Vec<Cell>>,
+    alt_cursor: Option<Cursor>,
+
+    // ── Scroll region (0-indexed, inclusive) ─────────────────────────────────
+    pub scroll_top: usize,
+    pub scroll_bottom: usize,
+
+    // ── Current SGR state applied to newly written cells ─────────────────────
+    pub current_fg: Color,
+    pub current_bg: Color,
+    pub current_attrs: CellAttrs,
+
+    // ── Miscellaneous ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    pub modes: TerminalModes,
+    pub title: String,
+    /// Hardware tab stops (one bool per column).
+    tab_stops: Vec<bool>,
+
+    // ── Mouse tracking mode ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    pub mouse_mode: u16,
+
+    // ── Pending VT responses (DSR, DA1) ──────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Bytes queued to be written back to the PTY (device status responses, etc.)
+    pub pending_responses: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
+
+    // ── Kitty Graphics Protocol ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+    /// Received and assembled Kitty images, keyed by image ID.
+    pub kitty: KittyRegistry,
+    /// Images that have been placed on screen (from `a=T` or `a=p` actions).
+    pub kitty_placements: Vec<KittyPlacement>,
+    /// Image IDs that were deleted by `a=d` since the last renderer frame.
+    /// The renderer drains this list each frame to evict GPU textures.
+    pub kitty_deleted_ids: Vec<u32>,
+}
+
+impl Terminal {
+    /// Create a new terminal with the given dimensions and scrollback capacity.
+    pub fn new(cols: usize, rows: usize, scrollback_lines: usize) -> Self {
+        let cell_count = cols * rows;
+        let mut tab_stops = vec![false; cols];
+        // Default tab stop every 8 columns.
+        for i in (0..cols).step_by(8) {
+            tab_stops[i] = true;
+        }
+
+        let mut modes = TerminalModes::empty();
+        modes.insert(TerminalModes::AUTO_WRAP);
+        modes.insert(TerminalModes::CURSOR_VIS);
+
+        Self {
+            cols,
+            rows,
+            screen: vec![Cell::blank(); cell_count],
+            scrollback: VecDeque::new(),
+            scrollback_lines,
+            cursor: Cursor::default(),
+            saved_cursor: None,
+            pending_wrap: false,
+            alt_screen: None,
+            alt_cursor: None,
+            scroll_top: 0,
+            scroll_bottom: rows.saturating_sub(1),
+            current_fg: Color::Default,
+            current_bg: Color::Default,
+            current_attrs: CellAttrs::empty(),
+            modes,
+            title: String::new(),
+            tab_stops,
+            mouse_mode: 0,
+            pending_responses: Vec::new(),
+            kitty: KittyRegistry::new(),
+            kitty_placements: Vec::new(),
+            kitty_deleted_ids: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Resize ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Resize the terminal to `cols × rows`, preserving as much content as possible.
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, cols: usize, rows: usize) {
+        if cols == self.cols && rows == self.rows {
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut new_screen = vec![Cell::blank(); cols * rows];
+        let copy_cols = self.cols.min(cols);
+        let copy_rows = self.rows.min(rows);
+        for r in 0..copy_rows {
+            for c in 0..copy_cols {
+                new_screen[r * cols + c] = self.screen[r * self.cols + c];
+            }
+        }
+        self.screen = new_screen;
+        self.cols = cols;
+        self.rows = rows;
+        self.scroll_top = 0;
+        self.scroll_bottom = rows.saturating_sub(1);
+        self.tab_stops.resize(cols, false);
+        for i in (0..cols).step_by(8) {
+            if !self.tab_stops[i] {
+                self.tab_stops[i] = true;
+            }
+        }
+        // Clamp cursor.
+        self.cursor.col = self.cursor.col.min(cols.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.cursor.row = self.cursor.row.min(rows.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    // ─── Cell accessors ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cell(&self, col: usize, row: usize) -> &Cell {
+        &self.screen[row * self.cols + col]
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cell_mut(&mut self, col: usize, row: usize) -> &mut Cell {
+        &mut self.screen[row * self.cols + col]
+    }
+
+    // ─── Write a character ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Place `ch` at the cursor position and advance.
+    ///
+    /// Wide characters (CJK, wide emoji — display width 2) occupy two columns:
+    /// the character is placed in the first column with `WIDE` set, and a blank
+    /// placeholder with `WIDE_CONT` is written to the second column.
+    ///
+    /// Zero-width / combining characters are placed on the current column
+    /// without advancing the cursor.
+    pub fn write_char(&mut self, ch: char) {
+        use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthChar;
+
+        // Resolve pending wrap before writing.
+        if self.pending_wrap {
+            self.pending_wrap = false;
+            self.do_linefeed();
+            self.cursor.col = 0;
+        }
+
+        let width = ch.width().unwrap_or(1);
+
+        if width == 0 {
+            // Combining / zero-width: overlay on the current (or previous) cell.
+            let col = self.cursor.col.min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+            let row = self.cursor.row.min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+            self.cell_mut(col, row).ch = ch;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let col = self.cursor.col.min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+        let row = self.cursor.row.min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+
+        if width == 2 && col + 1 < self.cols {
+            // Wide character: write char in first column, blank continuation in second.
+            let mut attrs = self.current_attrs;
+            attrs.insert(CellAttrs::WIDE);
+            *self.cell_mut(col, row) = Cell {
+                ch,
+                fg: self.current_fg,
+                bg: self.current_bg,
+                attrs,
+            };
+            let mut cont_attrs = self.current_attrs;
+            cont_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::WIDE_CONT);
+            *self.cell_mut(col + 1, row) = Cell {
+                ch: ' ',
+                fg: self.current_fg,
+                bg: self.current_bg,
+                attrs: cont_attrs,
+            };
+            if col + 2 >= self.cols {
+                if self.modes.contains(TerminalModes::AUTO_WRAP) {
+                    self.pending_wrap = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                self.cursor.col = col + 2;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Normal (or wide that doesn't fit) — write as single cell.
+            *self.cell_mut(col, row) = Cell {
+                ch,
+                fg: self.current_fg,
+                bg: self.current_bg,
+                attrs: self.current_attrs,
+            };
+            if col + 1 >= self.cols {
+                if self.modes.contains(TerminalModes::AUTO_WRAP) {
+                    self.pending_wrap = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                self.cursor.col = col + 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── C0 control characters ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Execute a C0 control byte.
+    pub fn execute_c0(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        match byte {
+            0x07 => {} // BEL — ignore (audio bell could be added later)
+            0x08 => {
+                // BS — backspace
+                if self.cursor.col > 0 {
+                    self.cursor.col -= 1;
+                    self.pending_wrap = false;
+                }
+            }
+            0x09 => self.advance_tab(),
+            0x0a | 0x0b | 0x0c => {
+                // LF, VT, FF — line feed
+                self.do_linefeed();
+            }
+            0x0d => {
+                // CR
+                self.cursor.col = 0;
+                self.pending_wrap = false;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Advance cursor to the next tab stop.
+    fn advance_tab(&mut self) {
+        let start = self.cursor.col + 1;
+        for col in start..self.cols {
+            if self.tab_stops[col] {
+                self.cursor.col = col;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        self.cursor.col = self.cols.saturating_sub(1);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Line feed / scrolling ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Perform a line feed within the scroll region.
+    fn do_linefeed(&mut self) {
+        if self.cursor.row == self.scroll_bottom {
+            self.scroll_up(1);
+        } else {
+            self.cursor.row = (self.cursor.row + 1).min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+        }
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Reverse index (scroll down when cursor is at the top of the scroll region).
+    pub fn reverse_index(&mut self) {
+        if self.cursor.row == self.scroll_top {
+            self.scroll_down(1);
+        } else if self.cursor.row > 0 {
+            self.cursor.row -= 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Scroll the contents of the scroll region up by `n` lines.
+    /// Lines scrolled off the top are pushed into the scrollback buffer.
+    pub fn scroll_up(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let n = n.min(self.scroll_bottom - self.scroll_top + 1);
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            // Push top line of the scroll region into scrollback (only when region = full screen).
+            if self.scroll_top == 0 {
+                let top: Vec<Cell> = self.screen[..self.cols].to_vec();
+                if self.scrollback.len() >= self.scrollback_lines {
+                    self.scrollback.pop_front();
+                }
+                self.scrollback.push_back(top);
+            }
+            // Shift rows up.
+            for r in self.scroll_top..self.scroll_bottom {
+                let src = (r + 1) * self.cols;
+                let dst = r * self.cols;
+                self.screen.copy_within(src..src + self.cols, dst);
+            }
+            // Clear the bottom row of the scroll region.
+            let bottom_start = self.scroll_bottom * self.cols;
+            let bg = self.current_bg;
+            let fg = self.current_fg;
+            for cell in &mut self.screen[bottom_start..bottom_start + self.cols] {
+                *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Scroll the scroll region down by `n` lines.
+    pub fn scroll_down(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let n = n.min(self.scroll_bottom - self.scroll_top + 1);
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            for r in (self.scroll_top + 1..=self.scroll_bottom).rev() {
+                let src = (r - 1) * self.cols;
+                let dst = r * self.cols;
+                self.screen.copy_within(src..src + self.cols, dst);
+            }
+            // Clear the top row of the scroll region.
+            let top_start = self.scroll_top * self.cols;
+            let bg = self.current_bg;
+            let fg = self.current_fg;
+            for cell in &mut self.screen[top_start..top_start + self.cols] {
+                *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Cursor movement (CSI sequences) ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// CUP / HVP — move cursor to `(row, col)` (0-indexed).
+    pub fn cursor_pos(&mut self, row: usize, col: usize) {
+        let max_row = if self.modes.contains(TerminalModes::AUTO_WRAP) {
+            self.rows.saturating_sub(1)
+        } else {
+            self.rows.saturating_sub(1)
+        };
+        self.cursor.row = row.min(max_row);
+        self.cursor.col = col.min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CUU — cursor up `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_up(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.row = self.cursor.row.saturating_sub(n).max(self.scroll_top);
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CUD — cursor down `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_down(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.row = (self.cursor.row + n).min(self.scroll_bottom);
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CUF — cursor forward (right) `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_forward(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.col = (self.cursor.col + n).min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CUB — cursor back (left) `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_back(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.col = self.cursor.col.saturating_sub(n);
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CNL — cursor next line `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_next_line(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.row = (self.cursor.row + n).min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.cursor.col = 0;
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CPL — cursor previous line `n`.
+    pub fn cursor_prev_line(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        self.cursor.row = self.cursor.row.saturating_sub(n);
+        self.cursor.col = 0;
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// CHA / HPA — cursor horizontal absolute (column, 0-indexed).
+    pub fn cursor_col(&mut self, col: usize) {
+        self.cursor.col = col.min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    /// VPA — vertical position absolute (row, 0-indexed).
+    pub fn cursor_row(&mut self, row: usize) {
+        self.cursor.row = row.min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    // ─── Erase operations ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// ED — erase in display.
+    ///
+    /// `mode`: 0 = from cursor to end, 1 = from start to cursor, 2 = whole screen,
+    ///          3 = whole screen + scrollback.
+    pub fn erase_in_display(&mut self, mode: u16) {
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        match mode {
+            0 => {
+                // From cursor to end of screen.
+                let start = row * self.cols + col;
+                for cell in &mut self.screen[start..] {
+                    *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+            }
+            1 => {
+                // From start of screen to cursor.
+                let end = row * self.cols + col + 1;
+                for cell in &mut self.screen[..end] {
+                    *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+            }
+            2 | 3 => {
+                // Whole screen.
+                for cell in &mut self.screen {
+                    *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+                if mode == 3 {
+                    self.scrollback.clear();
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// EL — erase in line.
+    ///
+    /// `mode`: 0 = from cursor to end, 1 = from start to cursor, 2 = whole line.
+    pub fn erase_in_line(&mut self, mode: u16) {
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        let row_start = row * self.cols;
+        match mode {
+            0 => {
+                for c in col..self.cols {
+                    self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+            }
+            1 => {
+                for c in 0..=col {
+                    self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+            }
+            2 => {
+                for c in 0..self.cols {
+                    self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// ECH — erase `n` characters starting at the cursor.
+    pub fn erase_chars(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        let end = (col + n).min(self.cols);
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        let row_start = row * self.cols;
+        for c in col..end {
+            self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Insert / Delete ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// ICH — insert `n` blank characters at cursor, shifting right.
+    pub fn insert_chars(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        let n = n.min(self.cols - col);
+        let row_start = row * self.cols;
+        let row_end = row_start + self.cols;
+        // Shift chars right.
+        for c in (col..self.cols - n).rev() {
+            self.screen[row_start + c + n] = self.screen[row_start + c];
+        }
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        for c in col..col + n {
+            self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+        }
+        let _ = row_end; // suppress lint
+    }
+
+    /// DCH — delete `n` characters at cursor, pulling right chars left.
+    pub fn delete_chars(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        let n = n.min(self.cols - col);
+        let row_start = row * self.cols;
+        for c in col..self.cols - n {
+            self.screen[row_start + c] = self.screen[row_start + c + n];
+        }
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        for c in self.cols - n..self.cols {
+            self.screen[row_start + c] = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// IL — insert `n` blank lines at cursor row.
+    pub fn insert_lines(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        // Only insert within the scroll region.
+        if row < self.scroll_top || row > self.scroll_bottom {
+            return;
+        }
+        let n = n.min(self.scroll_bottom - row + 1);
+        // Shift rows down (within scroll region).
+        for r in (row..=self.scroll_bottom - n).rev() {
+            let src = r * self.cols;
+            let dst = (r + n) * self.cols;
+            self.screen.copy_within(src..src + self.cols, dst);
+        }
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        for r in row..row + n {
+            let s = r * self.cols;
+            for cell in &mut self.screen[s..s + self.cols] {
+                *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+            }
+        }
+        self.cursor.col = 0;
+    }
+
+    /// DL — delete `n` lines at cursor row.
+    pub fn delete_lines(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row;
+        if row < self.scroll_top || row > self.scroll_bottom {
+            return;
+        }
+        let n = n.min(self.scroll_bottom - row + 1);
+        for r in row..=self.scroll_bottom - n {
+            let src = (r + n) * self.cols;
+            let dst = r * self.cols;
+            self.screen.copy_within(src..src + self.cols, dst);
+        }
+        let fg = self.current_fg;
+        let bg = self.current_bg;
+        for r in self.scroll_bottom - n + 1..=self.scroll_bottom {
+            let s = r * self.cols;
+            for cell in &mut self.screen[s..s + self.cols] {
+                *cell = Cell::new(' ', fg, bg, CellAttrs::empty());
+            }
+        }
+        self.cursor.col = 0;
+    }
+
+    // ─── SGR (Select Graphic Rendition) ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Process an SGR sequence (CSI `m`).  `params` is the flat semicolon-separated
+    /// parameter list; an empty slice is equivalent to `[0]` (reset).
+    pub fn process_sgr(&mut self, params: &[u32]) {
+        if params.is_empty() {
+            self.sgr_reset();
+            return;
+        }
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < params.len() {
+            match params[i] {
+                0 => self.sgr_reset(),
+                1 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::BOLD),
+                2 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::DIM),
+                3 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::ITALIC),
+                4 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::UNDERLINE),
+                5 | 6 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::BLINK),
+                7 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::REVERSE),
+                8 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::INVISIBLE),
+                9 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::STRIKETHROUGH),
+                21 => self.current_attrs.insert(CellAttrs::UNDERLINE2),
+                22 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::BOLD | CellAttrs::DIM),
+                23 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::ITALIC),
+                24 => self
+                    .current_attrs
+                    .remove(CellAttrs::UNDERLINE | CellAttrs::UNDERLINE2),
+                25 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::BLINK),
+                27 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::REVERSE),
+                28 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::INVISIBLE),
+                29 => self.current_attrs.remove(CellAttrs::STRIKETHROUGH),
+                // Foreground 16 colors
+                30..=37 => self.current_fg = Color::Indexed((params[i] - 30) as u8),
+                38 => {
+                    if let Some(color) = self.parse_extended_color(params, &mut i) {
+                        self.current_fg = color;
+                    }
+                }
+                39 => self.current_fg = Color::Default,
+                // Background 16 colors
+                40..=47 => self.current_bg = Color::Indexed((params[i] - 40) as u8),
+                48 => {
+                    if let Some(color) = self.parse_extended_color(params, &mut i) {
+                        self.current_bg = color;
+                    }
+                }
+                49 => self.current_bg = Color::Default,
+                // Bright / high-intensity foreground (8–15)
+                90..=97 => self.current_fg = Color::Indexed((params[i] - 90 + 8) as u8),
+                // Bright / high-intensity background (8–15)
+                100..=107 => self.current_bg = Color::Indexed((params[i] - 100 + 8) as u8),
+                _ => {}
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sgr_reset(&mut self) {
+        self.current_fg = Color::Default;
+        self.current_bg = Color::Default;
+        self.current_attrs = CellAttrs::empty();
+    }
+
+    /// Parse an extended color (38;5;n  or  38;2;r;g;b) starting *after* `params[i]`.
+    /// Returns the color and advances `i` by the number of consumed extra params.
+    fn parse_extended_color(&self, params: &[u32], i: &mut usize) -> Option<Color> {
+        if *i + 1 >= params.len() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        match params[*i + 1] {
+            5 if *i + 2 < params.len() => {
+                *i += 2;
+                Some(Color::Indexed(params[*i] as u8))
+            }
+            2 if *i + 4 < params.len() => {
+                *i += 4;
+                Some(Color::Rgb(
+                    params[*i - 2] as u8,
+                    params[*i - 1] as u8,
+                    params[*i] as u8,
+                ))
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Scroll region ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// DECSTBM — set scrolling region, `top` and `bottom` are 0-indexed.
+    pub fn set_scroll_region(&mut self, top: usize, bottom: usize) {
+        let bottom = bottom.min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+        if top < bottom {
+            self.scroll_top = top;
+            self.scroll_bottom = bottom;
+        }
+        // Reset cursor to home on region change.
+        self.cursor_pos(0, 0);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Save / Restore cursor ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// DECSC — save cursor.
+    pub fn save_cursor(&mut self) {
+        self.saved_cursor = Some(self.cursor);
+    }
+
+    /// DECRC — restore cursor.
+    pub fn restore_cursor(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(c) = self.saved_cursor {
+            self.cursor = c;
+            self.cursor.col = self.cursor.col.min(self.cols.saturating_sub(1));
+            self.cursor.row = self.cursor.row.min(self.rows.saturating_sub(1));
+            self.pending_wrap = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Alternate screen ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Switch to or from the alternate screen (DECSET/DECRST 1049).
+    pub fn set_alt_screen(&mut self, enable: bool) {
+        let currently_alt = self.modes.contains(TerminalModes::ALT_SCREEN);
+        if enable == currently_alt {
+            return;
+        }
+        if enable {
+            // Save main screen + cursor, switch to blank alt screen.
+            self.alt_screen = Some(self.screen.clone());
+            self.alt_cursor = Some(self.cursor);
+            self.screen = vec![Cell::blank(); self.cols * self.rows];
+            self.cursor = Cursor::default();
+            self.pending_wrap = false;
+            self.modes.insert(TerminalModes::ALT_SCREEN);
+        } else {
+            // Restore main screen.
+            if let Some(s) = self.alt_screen.take() {
+                self.screen = s;
+            }
+            if let Some(c) = self.alt_cursor.take() {
+                self.cursor = c;
+            }
+            self.pending_wrap = false;
+            self.modes.remove(TerminalModes::ALT_SCREEN);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Mode setting (DECSET / DECRST) ──────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Apply a DEC private mode set (`?h`) or reset (`?l`).
+    pub fn set_dec_mode(&mut self, mode: u16, value: bool) {
+        match mode {
+            1 => self.modes.set(TerminalModes::DECCKM, value), // DECCKM — application cursor keys
+            6 => {} // DECOM — origin mode (simplified: ignore)
+            7 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::AUTO_WRAP, value);
+            }
+            12 => {} // DECSCNM / cursor blink
+            25 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::CURSOR_VIS, value);
+            }
+            1000 | 1002 | 1003 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::MOUSE, value);
+                self.mouse_mode = if value { mode } else { 0 };
+            }
+            1004 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::FOCUS_EVENTS, value);
+            }
+            1049 => self.set_alt_screen(value),
+            2004 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::BRACKET_PASTE, value);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply an ANSI mode set (`h`) or reset (`l`).
+    pub fn set_ansi_mode(&mut self, mode: u16, value: bool) {
+        match mode {
+            4 => {
+                self.modes.set(TerminalModes::INSERT_MODE, value);
+            }
+            20 => {} // LNM — linefeed / newline mode
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Window title ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    pub fn set_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
+        self.title = title.to_string();
+    }
+
+    // ─── VT response queue ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// DSR 6 — cursor position report: `\x1b[{row};{col}R`.
+    pub fn cursor_pos_report(&mut self) {
+        let row = self.cursor.row + 1;
+        let col = self.cursor.col + 1;
+        self.pending_responses
+            .push(format!("\x1b[{row};{col}R").into_bytes());
+    }
+
+    /// DSR 5 — operating status: `\x1b[0n` (device OK).
+    pub fn operating_status_report(&mut self) {
+        self.pending_responses.push(b"\x1b[0n".to_vec());
+    }
+
+    /// DA1 — primary device attributes: `\x1b[?1;2c` (VT100 + advanced video).
+    pub fn device_attrs_report(&mut self) {
+        self.pending_responses.push(b"\x1b[?1;2c".to_vec());
+    }
+
+    // ─── Tab stops ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// TBC — tab clear.  `mode` 0 = clear current stop, 3 = clear all stops.
+    pub fn clear_tab_stops(&mut self, mode: u16) {
+        match mode {
+            0 => {
+                let col = self.cursor.col;
+                if col < self.tab_stops.len() {
+                    self.tab_stops[col] = false;
+                }
+            }
+            3 => {
+                for t in &mut self.tab_stops {
+                    *t = false;
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// HTS — set tab stop at current column.
+    pub fn set_tab_stop(&mut self) {
+        let col = self.cursor.col;
+        if col < self.tab_stops.len() {
+            self.tab_stops[col] = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// CBT — cursor backward tab `n` stops.
+    pub fn cursor_backward_tab(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let mut count = n;
+        let mut col = self.cursor.col;
+        while col > 0 && count > 0 {
+            col -= 1;
+            if self.tab_stops[col] {
+                count -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+        self.cursor.col = col;
+        self.pending_wrap = false;
+    }
+
+    // ─── Reset ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// RIS — full reset (ESC c).
+    pub fn full_reset(&mut self) {
+        let cols = self.cols;
+        let rows = self.rows;
+        let sl = self.scrollback_lines;
+        *self = Self::new(cols, rows, sl);
+    }
+
+    // ─── Kitty Graphics Protocol ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Process the payload of a Kitty Graphics Protocol APC sequence.
+    ///
+    /// `payload` is everything after the leading `'G'` byte that distinguishes
+    /// a Kitty APC from other SOS/PM/APC sequences.  The caller (the VT parser)
+    /// is responsible for stripping that leading byte.
+    ///
+    /// When the action (`a=T` or `a=p`) requires placing an image and the final
+    /// chunk has arrived, a [`KittyPlacement`] is pushed at the current cursor
+    /// position.
+    pub fn dispatch_apc(&mut self, payload: &[u8]) {
+        let ctrl = crate::kitty::parse_header(payload);
+        let action = ctrl.action.unwrap_or('t'); // default = transmit only
+        let id = ctrl.image_id.unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // Delete action: evict the image and mark GPU texture for removal.
+        if action == 'd' {
+            if id != 0 {
+                self.kitty.remove(id);
+                self.kitty_placements.retain(|p| p.image_id != id);
+                self.kitty_deleted_ids.push(id);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Ingest this chunk (handles multi-chunk assembly internally).
+        self.kitty.ingest(payload);
+
+        // If this is the final chunk and the action requires display, place it.
+        if !ctrl.more && matches!(action, 'p' | 'T') {
+            if let Some(img) = self.kitty.get(id) {
+                self.kitty_placements.push(KittyPlacement {
+                    image_id: id,
+                    col: self.cursor.col,
+                    row: self.cursor.row,
+                    pixel_width: img.width,
+                    pixel_height: img.height,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/tray.rs b/winiterm/src/tray.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..094c9cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/tray.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//! System tray icon (Phase 11).
+//!
+//! Creates a persistent system-tray presence using the `tray-icon` crate.
+//! The tray icon lets the user restore the winiterm window after it has been
+//! hidden (e.g. by closing it while `tray_icon = true` is set in the Lua
+//! config).
+//!
+//! # Right-click menu (D2)
+//!
+//! A context menu with two items is attached:
+//! * **Show winiterm** — brings the window back to the foreground.
+//! * **Quit** — terminates the process cleanly.
+//!
+//! # Event model
+//!
+//! We use the simple polling model: `poll_events` is called from winit's
+//! `about_to_wait` hook and reads from the crossbeam channels exposed by
+//! `TrayIconEvent::receiver()` (left-clicks) and `muda::MenuEvent::receiver()`
+//! (context-menu item clicks).
+
+use muda::{Menu, MenuEvent, MenuId, MenuItem};
+use tray_icon::{MouseButton, TrayIcon, TrayIconBuilder, TrayIconEvent};
+
+// ─── TrayAction ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// The action that the caller should take after a tray event.
+pub enum TrayAction {
+    /// Make the main window visible and bring it to the foreground.
+    Show,
+    /// Exit the application.
+    Quit,
+}
+
+// ─── TrayHandle ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Opaque handle to a live system tray icon.
+///
+/// The inner [`TrayIcon`] keeps the OS tray entry alive for as long as this
+/// value exists.  Drop it to remove the icon from the system tray.
+pub struct TrayHandle {
+    _icon: TrayIcon,
+    /// The menu-item ID of the "Quit" entry, used to match `MenuEvent`s.
+    quit_id: MenuId,
+}
+
+// ─── Public API ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Create a system tray icon with a solid-cyan 16 × 16 default icon and a
+/// right-click context menu containing "Show winiterm" and "Quit" items.
+///
+/// Returns `None` if the tray icon could not be created (e.g. because no
+/// system tray is available, or the underlying platform call failed).
+pub fn create_tray_icon() -> Option<TrayHandle> {
+    // Build the right-click context menu.
+    let menu = Menu::new();
+    let show_item = MenuItem::new("Show winiterm", true, None);
+    let quit_item = MenuItem::new("Quit", true, None);
+    let quit_id = quit_item.id().clone();
+    let _ = menu.append(&show_item);
+    let _ = menu.append(&quit_item);
+
+    let icon = make_default_icon()?;
+
+    let tray = TrayIconBuilder::new()
+        .with_tooltip("winiterm")
+        .with_icon(icon)
+        .with_menu(Box::new(menu))
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|e| log::warn!("tray icon creation failed: {e}"))
+        .ok()?;
+
+    log::info!("system tray icon created");
+    Some(TrayHandle {
+        _icon: tray,
+        quit_id,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Poll for pending tray events without blocking.
+///
+/// Returns `Some(TrayAction)` when a relevant event occurred, or `None` when
+/// the queues are empty.
+///
+/// Priority: left-click (show) is checked first, then the context-menu channel.
+pub fn poll_events(tray: &TrayHandle) -> Option<TrayAction> {
+    // Left-click on the tray icon → show window.
+    while let Ok(event) = TrayIconEvent::receiver().try_recv() {
+        if let TrayIconEvent::Click {
+            button: MouseButton::Left,
+            ..
+        } = event
+        {
+            return Some(TrayAction::Show);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Context-menu item clicks.
+    while let Ok(event) = MenuEvent::receiver().try_recv() {
+        if event.id == tray.quit_id {
+            return Some(TrayAction::Quit);
+        } else {
+            // Any other item (currently just "Show winiterm") → show window.
+            return Some(TrayAction::Show);
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+// ─── Icon helper ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Generate a plain 16 × 16 RGBA icon filled with the winiterm brand colour
+/// (a bright cyan, #1EB3FF).
+fn make_default_icon() -> Option<tray_icon::Icon> {
+    const W: u32 = 16;
+    const H: u32 = 16;
+    // Draw a rounded-ish "W" shape in cyan on a dark background.
+    let mut rgba = vec![0u8; (W * H * 4) as usize];
+    for y in 0..H {
+        for x in 0..W {
+            let i = ((y * W + x) * 4) as usize;
+            // Background: dark navy
+            rgba[i] = 0x10; // R
+            rgba[i + 1] = 0x14; // G
+            rgba[i + 2] = 0x1e; // B
+            rgba[i + 3] = 0xff; // A
+                                // "W" glyph pattern: two outer legs + a valley + two inner legs
+                                // (pixel art at 16 × 16)
+            let in_w = matches!(
+                (x, y),
+                // top row
+                (1, 2) | (2, 2) | (13, 2) | (14, 2) |
+                // left leg descending
+                (2, 3) | (2, 4) | (2, 5) | (2, 6) | (2, 7) |
+                (3, 7) | (3, 8) |
+                // right leg descending
+                (13, 3) | (13, 4) | (13, 5) | (13, 6) | (13, 7) |
+                (12, 7) | (12, 8) |
+                // inner left leg ascending
+                (4, 9)  | (4, 10) | (5, 10) | (5, 11) |
+                // inner right leg ascending
+                (11, 9) | (11, 10) | (10, 10) | (10, 11) |
+                // valley bottom
+                (6, 11) | (7, 11) | (8, 11) | (9, 11) |
+                // base closure
+                (1, 3)  | (14, 3)
+            );
+            if in_w {
+                rgba[i] = 0x1e; // R
+                rgba[i + 1] = 0xb3; // G
+                rgba[i + 2] = 0xff; // B
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    tray_icon::Icon::from_rgba(rgba, W, H)
+        .map_err(|e| log::warn!("tray icon pixel data invalid: {e}"))
+        .ok()
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/vt_parser.rs b/winiterm/src/vt_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82f268d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/vt_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+//! VT/ANSI escape-sequence parser.
+//!
+//! Implements a state machine based on Paul Williams' VT100/VT500 parser:
+//! <https://vt100.net/emu/dec_ansi_parser>
+//!
+//! The parser processes raw bytes and dispatches semantic actions directly to
+//! a [`Terminal`]. It is deliberately zero-allocation on the hot path; OSC and
+//! DCS buffers are `Vec<u8>` but only extended on unusual sequences.
+
+use crate::terminal::Terminal;
+
+// ─── State ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+enum State {
+    Ground,
+    Escape,
+    EscapeIntermediate,
+    CsiEntry,
+    CsiParam,
+    CsiIntermediate,
+    CsiIgnore,
+    OscString,
+    OscStringSt, // received ESC inside OSC, waiting for '\' to complete ST
+    DcsEntry,
+    DcsPassthrough,
+    DcsIgnore,
+    SosPmApcString,
+    SosPmApcStringSt, // received ESC inside SosPmApcString, waiting for '\'
+}
+
+// ─── Parser ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Maximum number of CSI parameters we track.
+const MAX_PARAMS: usize = 32;
+/// Maximum number of CSI intermediate bytes.
+const MAX_INTERMEDIATES: usize = 4;
+
+/// Stateful VT/ANSI byte-stream parser.
+pub struct Parser {
+    state: State,
+    /// Raw parameter values.  Parameters are `u32` so that very large values
+    /// (e.g. OSC colour indices) can be accumulated without truncation.
+    params: [u32; MAX_PARAMS],
+    /// Number of valid entries in `params`.
+    param_count: usize,
+    /// Digit accumulator for the parameter currently being parsed.
+    current_param: u32,
+    /// Optional DEC-private marker byte: one of `?`, `<`, `=`, `>`.
+    private_marker: u8,
+    /// Intermediate bytes collected during an escape/CSI sequence.
+    intermediates: [u8; MAX_INTERMEDIATES],
+    intermediate_count: usize,
+    /// OSC string accumulation buffer.
+    osc_buf: Vec<u8>,
+    /// DCS / APC string accumulation buffer (ignored in Phase 2).
+    dcs_buf: Vec<u8>,
+    // ── UTF-8 multi-byte decoder ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    utf8_buf: [u8; 4],
+    utf8_idx: usize,
+    utf8_needed: usize,
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: State::Ground,
+            params: [0; MAX_PARAMS],
+            param_count: 0,
+            current_param: 0,
+            private_marker: 0,
+            intermediates: [0; MAX_INTERMEDIATES],
+            intermediate_count: 0,
+            osc_buf: Vec::new(),
+            dcs_buf: Vec::new(),
+            utf8_buf: [0; 4],
+            utf8_idx: 0,
+            utf8_needed: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Feed `data` through the parser, dispatching actions to `terminal`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn parse(&mut self, data: &[u8], terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        for &byte in data {
+            self.process_byte(byte, terminal);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Per-byte dispatch ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn process_byte(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        // ── State-independent C0 transitions ─────────────────────────────────
+        // CAN (0x18) and SUB (0x1a): cancel current sequence → Ground.
+        if byte == 0x18 || byte == 0x1a {
+            self.state = State::Ground;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        match self.state {
+            State::Ground => self.ground(byte, terminal),
+            State::Escape => self.escape(byte, terminal),
+            State::EscapeIntermediate => self.escape_intermediate(byte, terminal),
+            State::CsiEntry => self.csi_entry(byte, terminal),
+            State::CsiParam => self.csi_param(byte, terminal),
+            State::CsiIntermediate => self.csi_intermediate(byte, terminal),
+            State::CsiIgnore => self.csi_ignore(byte),
+            State::OscString => self.osc_string(byte, terminal),
+            State::OscStringSt => self.osc_string_st(byte, terminal),
+            State::DcsEntry | State::DcsPassthrough | State::DcsIgnore => {
+                self.dcs(byte);
+            }
+            State::SosPmApcString => self.sos_pm_apc(byte, terminal),
+            State::SosPmApcStringSt => self.sos_pm_apc_st(byte, terminal),
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── State handlers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn ground(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            // C0 controls
+            0x00..=0x08 | 0x0e..=0x1a | 0x1c..=0x1f => {
+                terminal.execute_c0(byte);
+            }
+            0x09 | 0x0a | 0x0b | 0x0c | 0x0d => {
+                terminal.execute_c0(byte);
+            }
+            0x1b => {
+                self.reset_params();
+                self.state = State::Escape;
+            }
+            0x7f => {} // DEL — ignore
+            // ASCII printable
+            0x20..=0x7e => {
+                terminal.write_char(byte as char);
+            }
+            // UTF-8 multi-byte sequence start
+            0xc0..=0xdf => self.utf8_start(byte, 2),
+            0xe0..=0xef => self.utf8_start(byte, 3),
+            0xf0..=0xf7 => self.utf8_start(byte, 4),
+            // UTF-8 continuation or invalid — try to continue accumulation
+            0x80..=0xbf => self.utf8_continue(byte, terminal),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn escape(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            // Enter CSI
+            b'[' => {
+                self.reset_params();
+                self.state = State::CsiEntry;
+            }
+            // Enter OSC
+            b']' => {
+                self.osc_buf.clear();
+                self.state = State::OscString;
+            }
+            // Enter DCS
+            b'P' => {
+                self.dcs_buf.clear();
+                self.state = State::DcsEntry;
+            }
+            // SOS / PM / APC  (all absorbed, APC used by Kitty in a later phase)
+            b'X' | b'^' | b'_' => {
+                self.dcs_buf.clear();
+                self.state = State::SosPmApcString;
+            }
+            // String terminator (bare ESC \) — only meaningful inside OSC/DCS
+            b'\\' => {
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            // Intermediate byte (0x20–0x2f)
+            0x20..=0x2f => {
+                self.collect_intermediate(byte);
+                self.state = State::EscapeIntermediate;
+            }
+            // Two-character ESC sequences (final byte 0x30–0x7e)
+            0x30..=0x7e => {
+                self.dispatch_esc(byte, terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            // Nested ESC — re-enter Escape, reset intermediates
+            0x1b => {
+                self.reset_params();
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn escape_intermediate(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            0x20..=0x2f => self.collect_intermediate(byte),
+            0x30..=0x7e => {
+                self.dispatch_esc(byte, terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn csi_entry(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            // DEC private marker
+            b'?' | b'<' | b'=' | b'>' => {
+                self.private_marker = byte;
+                self.state = State::CsiParam;
+            }
+            // Digit / semicolon — start parameter
+            b'0'..=b'9' => {
+                self.current_param = (byte - b'0') as u32;
+                self.state = State::CsiParam;
+            }
+            b';' => {
+                self.push_param();
+                self.state = State::CsiParam;
+            }
+            // Colon sub-parameter: treat as semicolon for now
+            b':' => {
+                self.push_param();
+                self.state = State::CsiParam;
+            }
+            // Intermediate bytes
+            0x20..=0x2f => {
+                self.collect_intermediate(byte);
+                self.state = State::CsiIntermediate;
+            }
+            // Final byte
+            0x40..=0x7e => {
+                self.push_param();
+                self.dispatch_csi(byte, terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            0x1b => {
+                self.state = State::Escape;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn csi_param(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            b'0'..=b'9' => {
+                self.current_param = self
+                    .current_param
+                    .saturating_mul(10)
+                    .saturating_add((byte - b'0') as u32);
+            }
+            b';' | b':' => {
+                self.push_param();
+            }
+            0x20..=0x2f => {
+                self.push_param();
+                self.collect_intermediate(byte);
+                self.state = State::CsiIntermediate;
+            }
+            0x40..=0x7e => {
+                self.push_param();
+                self.dispatch_csi(byte, terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            // Invalid parameter byte in range 0x3c–0x3f while in CsiParam
+            0x3c..=0x3f => {
+                self.state = State::CsiIgnore;
+            }
+            0x1b => {
+                self.state = State::Escape;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn csi_intermediate(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            0x20..=0x2f => self.collect_intermediate(byte),
+            0x40..=0x7e => {
+                self.dispatch_csi(byte, terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            0x30..=0x3f => {
+                self.state = State::CsiIgnore;
+            }
+            0x1b => {
+                self.state = State::Escape;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn csi_ignore(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        if matches!(byte, 0x40..=0x7e) {
+            self.state = State::Ground;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn osc_string(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            0x07 => {
+                // BEL terminates OSC.
+                let osc = self.osc_buf.clone();
+                self.dispatch_osc(&osc, terminal);
+                self.osc_buf.clear();
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            0x1b => {
+                // ESC: could be start of ST (ESC \).
+                self.state = State::OscStringSt;
+            }
+            0x20..=0xff => {
+                self.osc_buf.push(byte);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn osc_string_st(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        if byte == b'\\' {
+            // ESC \ = ST — terminate OSC.
+            let osc = self.osc_buf.clone();
+            self.dispatch_osc(&osc, terminal);
+            self.osc_buf.clear();
+        }
+        // Regardless of what follows ESC inside an OSC, return to Ground.
+        self.state = State::Ground;
+    }
+
+    fn dcs(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        // Phase 2: absorb all DCS content.
+        if byte == 0x07 || (byte == b'\\') {
+            self.state = State::Ground;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sos_pm_apc(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        // Accumulate SOS/PM/APC content; dispatch when ST arrives.
+        match byte {
+            // BEL (0x07) — abbreviated string terminator used by some apps.
+            0x07 => {
+                self.dispatch_apc_inner(terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            // ESC — could be the start of ST (ESC \).
+            0x1b => {
+                self.state = State::SosPmApcStringSt;
+            }
+            // Anything else: accumulate.
+            _ => {
+                self.dcs_buf.push(byte);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sos_pm_apc_st(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        match byte {
+            // ESC \ = ST — dispatch and return to Ground.
+            b'\\' => {
+                self.dispatch_apc_inner(terminal);
+                self.state = State::Ground;
+            }
+            // Another ESC: the previous ESC was literal data; push it and stay
+            // in this state waiting for the actual '\'.
+            0x1b => {
+                self.dcs_buf.push(0x1b);
+                // stay in SosPmApcStringSt
+            }
+            // Anything else: the previous ESC was literal data; push both and
+            // return to accumulating.
+            _ => {
+                self.dcs_buf.push(0x1b);
+                self.dcs_buf.push(byte);
+                self.state = State::SosPmApcString;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Dispatch the accumulated APC buffer, then clear it.
+    ///
+    /// Only Kitty Graphics Protocol sequences (first byte `'G'`) are handled.
+    fn dispatch_apc_inner(&mut self, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        if self.dcs_buf.first() == Some(&b'G') {
+            // Pass everything after the leading 'G' to the terminal's Kitty handler.
+            terminal.dispatch_apc(&self.dcs_buf[1..]);
+        }
+        self.dcs_buf.clear();
+    }
+
+    // ─── UTF-8 multi-byte decoder ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn utf8_start(&mut self, byte: u8, needed: usize) {
+        self.utf8_buf[0] = byte;
+        self.utf8_idx = 1;
+        self.utf8_needed = needed;
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn utf8_continue(&mut self, byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        if self.utf8_needed == 0 {
+            // Stray continuation byte — skip.
+            return;
+        }
+        self.utf8_buf[self.utf8_idx] = byte;
+        self.utf8_idx += 1;
+        if self.utf8_idx == self.utf8_needed {
+            let slice = &self.utf8_buf[..self.utf8_needed];
+            if let Ok(s) = std::str::from_utf8(slice) {
+                if let Some(ch) = s.chars().next() {
+                    terminal.write_char(ch);
+                }
+            }
+            self.utf8_needed = 0;
+            self.utf8_idx = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── Parameter helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn push_param(&mut self) {
+        if self.param_count < MAX_PARAMS {
+            self.params[self.param_count] = self.current_param;
+            self.param_count += 1;
+        }
+        self.current_param = 0;
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn reset_params(&mut self) {
+        self.param_count = 0;
+        self.current_param = 0;
+        self.private_marker = 0;
+        self.intermediate_count = 0;
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn collect_intermediate(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        if self.intermediate_count < MAX_INTERMEDIATES {
+            self.intermediates[self.intermediate_count] = byte;
+            self.intermediate_count += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the parsed parameter slice (including the last accumulated digit run).
+    #[inline]
+    fn params(&self) -> &[u32] {
+        &self.params[..self.param_count]
+    }
+
+    /// Get parameter at `idx`, defaulting to `default` if absent or zero.
+    #[inline]
+    fn param_or(&self, idx: usize, default: u32) -> u32 {
+        let p = self.params.get(idx).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        if p == 0 {
+            default
+        } else {
+            p
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── ESC dispatch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn dispatch_esc(&mut self, final_byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        let inter = if self.intermediate_count > 0 {
+            self.intermediates[0]
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+
+        match (inter, final_byte) {
+            // DECSC — save cursor (ESC 7)
+            (0, b'7') => terminal.save_cursor(),
+            // DECRC — restore cursor (ESC 8)
+            (0, b'8') => terminal.restore_cursor(),
+            // IND — index (line feed without CR)
+            (0, b'D') => terminal.execute_c0(0x0a),
+            // NEL — next line
+            (0, b'E') => {
+                terminal.execute_c0(0x0a);
+                terminal.execute_c0(0x0d);
+            }
+            // HTS — set tab stop at current column
+            (0, b'H') => terminal.set_tab_stop(),
+            // RI — reverse index
+            (0, b'M') => terminal.reverse_index(),
+            // RIS — reset to initial state
+            (0, b'c') => terminal.full_reset(),
+            // Character set designations (G0/G1) — accept but ignore
+            (b'(' | b')' | b'*' | b'+', _) => {}
+            // DECPAM / DECPNM (application / normal keypad) — ignore in Phase 2
+            (0, b'=') | (0, b'>') => {}
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── CSI dispatch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn dispatch_csi(&mut self, final_byte: u8, terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        let priv_marker = self.private_marker;
+        let inter = if self.intermediate_count > 0 {
+            self.intermediates[0]
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let params = self.params();
+
+        match (priv_marker, inter, final_byte) {
+            // ── Cursor movement ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // CUU — cursor up
+            (0, 0, b'A') => terminal.cursor_up(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CUD — cursor down
+            (0, 0, b'B') => terminal.cursor_down(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CUF — cursor forward (right)
+            (0, 0, b'C') => terminal.cursor_forward(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CUB — cursor back (left)
+            (0, 0, b'D') => terminal.cursor_back(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CNL — cursor next line
+            (0, 0, b'E') => terminal.cursor_next_line(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CPL — cursor previous line
+            (0, 0, b'F') => terminal.cursor_prev_line(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // CHA / HPA — cursor column absolute (1-based → 0-based)
+            (0, 0, b'G') | (0, 0, b'`') => {
+                terminal.cursor_col(self.param_or(0, 1).saturating_sub(1) as usize)
+            }
+            // CUP / HVP — cursor position (1-based)
+            (0, 0, b'H') | (0, 0, b'f') => {
+                let row = self.param_or(0, 1).saturating_sub(1) as usize;
+                let col = self.param_or(1, 1).saturating_sub(1) as usize;
+                terminal.cursor_pos(row, col);
+            }
+            // VPA — vertical position absolute (1-based)
+            (0, 0, b'd') => terminal.cursor_row(self.param_or(0, 1).saturating_sub(1) as usize),
+
+            // ── Tab ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // CBT — cursor backward tab
+            (0, 0, b'Z') => terminal.cursor_backward_tab(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // TBC — tab clear
+            (0, 0, b'g') => terminal.clear_tab_stops(params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) as u16),
+
+            // ── Erase ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // ED — erase in display
+            (0, 0, b'J') => terminal.erase_in_display(params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) as u16),
+            // EL — erase in line
+            (0, 0, b'K') => terminal.erase_in_line(params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) as u16),
+            // ECH — erase characters
+            (0, 0, b'X') => terminal.erase_chars(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+
+            // ── Insert / Delete ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // ICH — insert characters
+            (0, 0, b'@') => terminal.insert_chars(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // IL — insert lines
+            (0, 0, b'L') => terminal.insert_lines(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // DL — delete lines
+            (0, 0, b'M') => terminal.delete_lines(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // DCH — delete characters
+            (0, 0, b'P') => terminal.delete_chars(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+
+            // ── Scroll ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // SU — scroll up
+            (0, 0, b'S') => terminal.scroll_up(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+            // SD — scroll down
+            (0, 0, b'T') => terminal.scroll_down(self.param_or(0, 1) as usize),
+
+            // ── SGR ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            (0, 0, b'm') => terminal.process_sgr(params),
+
+            // ── Scroll region ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // DECSTBM — set top/bottom margin (1-based)
+            (0, 0, b'r') => {
+                let top = self.param_or(0, 1).saturating_sub(1) as usize;
+                let bottom = self.param_or(1, terminal.rows as u32).saturating_sub(1) as usize;
+                terminal.set_scroll_region(top, bottom);
+            }
+
+            // ── Save / Restore cursor ─────────────────────────────────────────
+            (0, 0, b's') => terminal.save_cursor(),
+            (0, 0, b'u') => terminal.restore_cursor(),
+
+            // ── Device status report ──────────────────────────────────────────
+            // DSR (CSI n) — respond to operating-status (5) and cursor-pos (6) queries.
+            (0, 0, b'n') => match params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) {
+                5 => terminal.operating_status_report(),
+                6 => terminal.cursor_pos_report(),
+                _ => {}
+            },
+
+            // ── Device attributes ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // DA1 (CSI c / CSI 0 c) — report VT100 with advanced video option.
+            (0, 0, b'c') => {
+                if params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) == 0 {
+                    terminal.device_attrs_report();
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ── DEC private modes (? prefix) ──────────────────────────────────
+            (b'?', 0, b'h') => {
+                for &p in params {
+                    terminal.set_dec_mode(p as u16, true);
+                }
+            }
+            (b'?', 0, b'l') => {
+                for &p in params {
+                    terminal.set_dec_mode(p as u16, false);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ── ANSI modes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            (0, 0, b'h') => {
+                for &p in params {
+                    terminal.set_ansi_mode(p as u16, true);
+                }
+            }
+            (0, 0, b'l') => {
+                for &p in params {
+                    terminal.set_ansi_mode(p as u16, false);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // ── Cursor style (DECSCUSR) ───────────────────────────────────────
+            (0, b' ', b'q') => {
+                use crate::terminal::CursorShape;
+                let shape = match params.first().copied().unwrap_or(0) {
+                    1 | 2 => CursorShape::Block,
+                    3 | 4 => CursorShape::Underline,
+                    5 | 6 => CursorShape::Beam,
+                    _ => CursorShape::Block,
+                };
+                terminal.cursor.shape = shape;
+            }
+
+            // ── Window manipulation (xterm CSI t) — ignore ────────────────────
+            (0, 0, b't') => {}
+
+            // Anything else: silently ignore.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ─── OSC dispatch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn dispatch_osc(&self, data: &[u8], terminal: &mut Terminal) {
+        // Split on the first ';' to separate the command code from the payload.
+        let Some(sep) = data.iter().position(|&b| b == b';') else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let command_bytes = &data[..sep];
+        let payload = &data[sep + 1..];
+
+        let command: u32 = std::str::from_utf8(command_bytes)
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
+            .unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
+
+        match command {
+            // OSC 0 / OSC 2 — set window title
+            0 | 2 => {
+                if let Ok(title) = std::str::from_utf8(payload) {
+                    terminal.set_title(title);
+                }
+            }
+            // OSC 8 — hyperlinks (Phase 3+)
+            8 => {}
+            // OSC 52 — clipboard (Phase 5+, Lua API)
+            52 => {}
+            // Everything else is silently ignored.
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Parser {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/src/workspace.rs b/winiterm/src/workspace.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c3d0df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/src/workspace.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+//! Workspace: tab and pane management (Phase 4).
+//!
+//! A [`Workspace`] owns a set of [`TerminalPane`]s and organises them into
+//! [`Tab`]s, each of which has a [`SplitNode`] tree describing how its panes
+//! are laid out on screen.
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use crate::pane::TerminalPane;
+use crate::split::{Rect, SplitDir, SplitNode};
+
+// ─── Tab ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// A single tab in the terminal multiplexer.
+pub struct Tab {
+    /// Display name shown in the tab bar.
+    pub name: String,
+    /// Split tree for this tab's panes.
+    pub root: SplitNode,
+    /// ID of the currently focused pane.
+    pub active_pane: usize,
+}
+
+// ─── Workspace ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/// Manages all tabs and panes for one winiterm window.
+pub struct Workspace {
+    /// All tabs, in display order.
+    pub tabs: Vec<Tab>,
+    /// Index of the currently visible tab.
+    pub active_tab: usize,
+    /// All live panes keyed by ID.
+    panes: HashMap<usize, TerminalPane>,
+    /// Monotonically increasing ID counter.
+    next_id: usize,
+}
+
+impl Workspace {
+    // ── Construction ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Create a workspace with one initial tab containing one shell pane.
+    pub fn new(shell: Option<&str>, cols: u16, rows: u16, scrollback: usize) -> Self {
+        let id = 0usize;
+        let mut panes = HashMap::new();
+        match TerminalPane::spawn(id, shell, cols, rows, scrollback) {
+            Ok(pane) => {
+                log::info!(
+                    "initial shell spawned (pid={})",
+                    pane.pty.as_ref().map_or(0, |p| p.process_id)
+                );
+                panes.insert(id, pane);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("failed to spawn initial shell: {e}");
+            }
+        }
+        log::info!("workspace created, pane count = {}", panes.len());
+        let tab = Tab {
+            name: "1".to_string(),
+            root: SplitNode::Leaf(id),
+            active_pane: id,
+        };
+        Self {
+            tabs: vec![tab],
+            active_tab: 0,
+            panes,
+            next_id: 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Internal helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    fn current_tab(&self) -> &Tab {
+        &self.tabs[self.active_tab]
+    }
+
+    fn current_tab_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Tab {
+        &mut self.tabs[self.active_tab]
+    }
+
+    fn alloc_id(&mut self) -> usize {
+        let id = self.next_id;
+        self.next_id += 1;
+        id
+    }
+
+    // ── Pane accessors ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// The currently focused pane ID.
+    pub fn active_pane_id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.current_tab().active_pane
+    }
+
+    /// Reference to the active pane (immutable).
+    pub fn active_pane(&self) -> Option<&TerminalPane> {
+        self.panes.get(&self.current_tab().active_pane)
+    }
+
+    /// Reference to the active pane (mutable).
+    pub fn active_pane_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut TerminalPane> {
+        let id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        self.panes.get_mut(&id)
+    }
+
+    /// Reference to any pane by ID.
+    pub fn pane(&self, id: usize) -> Option<&TerminalPane> {
+        self.panes.get(&id)
+    }
+
+    /// Mutable reference to any pane by ID.
+    pub fn pane_mut(&mut self, id: usize) -> Option<&mut TerminalPane> {
+        self.panes.get_mut(&id)
+    }
+
+    // ── Tab management ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Open a new tab with a fresh shell pane.
+    pub fn new_tab(&mut self, shell: Option<&str>, cols: u16, rows: u16, scrollback: usize) {
+        let id = self.alloc_id();
+        match TerminalPane::spawn(id, shell, cols, rows, scrollback) {
+            Ok(pane) => {
+                self.panes.insert(id, pane);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("failed to spawn shell for new tab: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        let n = self.tabs.len() + 1;
+        self.tabs.push(Tab {
+            name: n.to_string(),
+            root: SplitNode::Leaf(id),
+            active_pane: id,
+        });
+        self.active_tab = self.tabs.len() - 1;
+    }
+
+    /// Switch to tab at `idx` (silently ignores out-of-bounds).
+    pub fn switch_tab(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        if idx < self.tabs.len() {
+            self.active_tab = idx;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Close the tab at `idx`, killing all its panes.
+    ///
+    /// Does nothing if only one tab remains.
+    pub fn close_tab(&mut self, idx: usize) {
+        if self.tabs.len() <= 1 {
+            return;
+        }
+        let pane_ids: Vec<usize> = self.tabs[idx].root.all_panes();
+        for id in pane_ids {
+            self.panes.remove(&id);
+        }
+        self.tabs.remove(idx);
+        if self.active_tab >= self.tabs.len() {
+            self.active_tab = self.tabs.len() - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Pane splitting ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Split the active pane along `dir`, spawning a new shell in the new slot.
+    pub fn split_active(&mut self, dir: SplitDir, shell: Option<&str>, scrollback: usize) {
+        let (cols, rows) = {
+            match self.active_pane() {
+                Some(p) => ((p.terminal.cols as u16).max(2) / 2, p.terminal.rows as u16),
+                None => return,
+            }
+        };
+
+        let new_id = self.alloc_id();
+        match TerminalPane::spawn(new_id, shell, cols, rows, scrollback) {
+            Ok(pane) => {
+                self.panes.insert(new_id, pane);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                log::error!("failed to spawn shell for split: {e}");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let active_id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        self.current_tab_mut().root.split_at(active_id, dir, new_id);
+        self.current_tab_mut().active_pane = new_id;
+    }
+
+    /// Close the active pane.  If it is the last pane in the tab, closes the
+    /// tab instead (unless it is the last tab, in which case nothing happens).
+    pub fn close_active_pane(&mut self) {
+        let active_id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        let panes_in_tab = self.current_tab().root.all_panes();
+        if panes_in_tab.len() <= 1 {
+            let idx = self.active_tab;
+            self.close_tab(idx);
+            return;
+        }
+        self.panes.remove(&active_id);
+        self.current_tab_mut().root.remove(active_id);
+        let new_active = self.current_tab().root.first_pane();
+        self.current_tab_mut().active_pane = new_active;
+    }
+
+    // ── Focus management ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Move focus to the next pane in tree order (wraps around).
+    pub fn focus_next(&mut self) {
+        let panes = self.current_tab().root.all_panes();
+        let cur = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        if let Some(pos) = panes.iter().position(|&id| id == cur) {
+            let next = panes[(pos + 1) % panes.len()];
+            self.current_tab_mut().active_pane = next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Move focus to the previous pane in tree order (wraps around).
+    pub fn focus_prev(&mut self) {
+        let panes = self.current_tab().root.all_panes();
+        let cur = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        if let Some(pos) = panes.iter().position(|&id| id == cur) {
+            let prev = if pos == 0 { panes.len() - 1 } else { pos - 1 };
+            self.current_tab_mut().active_pane = panes[prev];
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Layout ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Compute the pixel [`Rect`] for every pane in the active tab.
+    ///
+    /// `tab_bar_h` pixels are reserved at the top for the tab bar.
+    pub fn layout(&self, w: f32, h: f32, tab_bar_h: f32) -> HashMap<usize, Rect> {
+        let mut out = HashMap::new();
+        let content = Rect::new(0.0, tab_bar_h, w, (h - tab_bar_h).max(0.0));
+        self.current_tab().root.layout(content, &mut out);
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// Resize every pane in the active tab to fit the new window dimensions.
+    pub fn resize_all(&mut self, w: f32, h: f32, cell_w: f32, cell_h: f32, tab_bar_h: f32) {
+        let rects = self.layout(w, h, tab_bar_h);
+        for (id, rect) in &rects {
+            let cols = rect.cell_cols(cell_w);
+            let rows = rect.cell_rows(cell_h);
+            if let Some(pane) = self.panes.get_mut(id) {
+                pane.resize(cols, rows);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Output processing ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Drain PTY output for **all** panes across all tabs.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if any pane changed (i.e. a redraw is needed).
+    pub fn process_all_output(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let mut dirty = false;
+
+        for pane in self.panes.values_mut() {
+            if pane.process_output() {
+                dirty = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Collect dead panes after iteration.
+        let dead: Vec<usize> = self
+            .panes
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, p)| p.is_dead())
+            .map(|(id, _)| *id)
+            .collect();
+
+        for id in dead {
+            log::info!("removing dead pane {id}");
+            self.panes.remove(&id);
+            dirty = true;
+
+            // Remove from each tab's split tree; close empty tabs.
+            let mut empty_tabs: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
+            for (idx, tab) in self.tabs.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+                let count = tab.root.all_panes().len();
+                if count == 1 && tab.root.all_panes().first() == Some(&id) {
+                    empty_tabs.push(idx);
+                } else {
+                    tab.root.remove(id);
+                    if tab.active_pane == id {
+                        tab.active_pane = tab.root.first_pane();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Close empty tabs in reverse order to preserve indices.
+            for &idx in empty_tabs.iter().rev() {
+                if self.tabs.len() > 1 {
+                    self.tabs.remove(idx);
+                    if self.active_tab >= self.tabs.len() {
+                        self.active_tab = self.tabs.len() - 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        dirty
+    }
+
+    // ── Scrollback viewport ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Scroll the active pane's viewport up by `lines` into the scrollback buffer.
+    pub fn scroll_up_active(&mut self, lines: usize) {
+        let id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        if let Some(pane) = self.panes.get_mut(&id) {
+            let max = pane.terminal.scrollback.len();
+            pane.scroll_offset = (pane.scroll_offset + lines).min(max);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Scroll the active pane's viewport down by `lines` (towards live output).
+    pub fn scroll_down_active(&mut self, lines: usize) {
+        let id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        if let Some(pane) = self.panes.get_mut(&id) {
+            pane.scroll_offset = pane.scroll_offset.saturating_sub(lines);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Snap the active pane's viewport back to the bottom (live output).
+    pub fn scroll_to_bottom_active(&mut self) {
+        let id = self.current_tab().active_pane;
+        if let Some(pane) = self.panes.get_mut(&id) {
+            pane.scroll_offset = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Write to active pane ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Write raw bytes to the active pane's shell stdin.
+    pub fn write_to_active(&self, data: &[u8]) {
+        if let Some(pane) = self.active_pane() {
+            pane.write(data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Queries ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /// Pane IDs for the active tab, in tree order.
+    pub fn current_tab_panes(&self) -> Vec<usize> {
+        self.current_tab().root.all_panes()
+    }
+
+    /// Number of open tabs.
+    pub fn tab_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.tabs.len()
+    }
+
+    /// `true` when all panes in all tabs are dead (signal to exit the app).
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.panes.is_empty()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/winiterm/winiterm.log b/winiterm/winiterm.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/winiterm/winiterm_startup.log b/winiterm/winiterm_startup.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc348d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/winiterm_startup.log
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG winiterm::config] config not found at C:\Users\DG2210\AppData\Roaming\winiterm\config.lua, using defaults
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] InstanceFlags::VALIDATION requested, but unable to find layer: VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	No valid vk_loader_settings.json file found, no loader settings will be active
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_app_package_manifest_path: Failed to find mapping layers packages by family name
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Layer Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ImplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: opening device PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_A721&SUBSYS_8B7C103C&REV_04\3&11583659&0&10
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(1) Does not contain a value for "VulkanImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 2 - SWD\DRIVERENUM\IGS&4&168EC99&0
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(2) Does not contain a value for "VulkanImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 3 - DISPLAY\LGD071E\4&168EC99&0&UID8388688
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: GUID for 3 is not SoftwareComponent skipping
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 4 - DISPLAY\PHL095C\4&168EC99&0&UID8261
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: GUID for 4 is not SoftwareComponent skipping
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: found no registry files
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Located json file "C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json" from registry "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found manifest file C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json (file version 1.1.2)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Layer Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ExplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: opening device PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_A721&SUBSYS_8B7C103C&REV_04\3&11583659&0&10
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(1) Does not contain a value for "VulkanExplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 2 - SWD\DRIVERENUM\IGS&4&168EC99&0
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(2) Does not contain a value for "VulkanExplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 3 - DISPLAY\LGD071E\4&168EC99&0&UID8388688
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: GUID for 3 is not SoftwareComponent skipping
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 4 - DISPLAY\PHL095C\4&168EC99&0&UID8261
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: GUID for 4 is not SoftwareComponent skipping
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: found no registry files
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found no registry files in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ExplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_read_data_files_in_registry: Registry lookup failed to get layer manifest files.
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_app_package_manifest_path: Failed to find mapping layers packages by family name
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Driver Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\Drivers
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_add_json_entry: Located json file "C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\igvk64.json" from PnP registry: E
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found no registry files in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\Drivers
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found ICD manifest file C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\igvk64.json, version 1.0.0
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Searching for ICD drivers named .\igvk64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Loading layer library C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Insert instance layer "VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK" (C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	vkCreateInstance layer callstack setup to:
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Application>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Loader>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Type: Implicit
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Enabled By: Implicit Layer
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	               Disable Env Var:  DISABLE_VULKAN_OBS_CAPTURE
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Manifest: C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Library:  C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Drivers>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] Instance version: 0x404139
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] Enabling debug utils
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] Enabling device properties2
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::instance] Instance::new: created Vulkan backend
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::dx12::instance] Using FXC for shader compilation
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::instance] Instance::new: created Dx12 backend
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::wgl] Enabling GL debug output
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::instance] Instance::new: created Gl backend
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::adapter] Vendor: Intel
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::adapter] Renderer: Intel(R) UHD Graphics
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::adapter] Version: 4.6.0 - Build 32.0.101.7084
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::adapter] SL version: 4.60 - Build 32.0.101.7084
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::gles::adapter] Supported GL Extensions: {
+        "GL_ARB_map_buffer_range",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_rg",
+        "GL_ARB_multisample",
+        "GL_ARB_robustness",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_rectangle",
+        "GL_INTEL_fragment_shader_ordering",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_draw_parameters",
+        "GL_ARB_transform_feedback_overflow_query",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_swizzle",
+        "GL_ARB_half_float_pixel",
+        "GL_ARB_seamless_cubemap_per_texture",
+        "GL_ARB_window_pos",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_basic",
+        "GL_ARB_sync",
+        "GL_SGIS_texture_lod",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_filter_anisotropic",
+        "GL_EXT_stencil_two_side",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_multisample",
+        "GL_ARB_geometry_shader4",
+        "GL_AMD_vertex_shader_viewport_index",
+        "GL_SGIS_texture_edge_clamp",
+        "GL_EXT_separate_specular_color",
+        "GL_ARB_shading_language_420pack",
+        "GL_ARB_color_buffer_float",
+        "GL_ARB_multi_draw_indirect",
+        "GL_ARB_occlusion_query",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_clustered",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_env_dot3",
+        "GL_ARB_viewport_array",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_compression_s3tc",
+        "GL_ARB_compute_shader",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_bit_encoding",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_type_10f_11f_11f_rev",
+        "GL_ARB_direct_state_access",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_ballot",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_atomic_counter_ops",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_atomic_counters",
+        "GL_INTEL_map_texture",
+        "GL_EXT_shadow_funcs",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_compression_bptc",
+        "GL_ARB_conservative_depth",
+        "GL_ARB_framebuffer_no_attachments",
+        "GL_ARB_invalidate_subdata",
+        "GL_ARB_pipeline_statistics_query",
+        "GL_ARB_draw_elements_base_vertex",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_shuffle",
+        "GL_ARB_get_texture_sub_image",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_cube_map",
+        "GL_ARB_transform_feedback3",
+        "GL_NV_conditional_render",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_border_clamp",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_query_lod",
+        "GL_INTEL_framebuffer_CMAA",
+        "GL_ARB_base_instance",
+        "GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced_coherent",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_buffer_range",
+        "GL_EXT_shader_framebuffer_fetch",
+        "GL_EXT_packed_depth_stencil",
+        "GL_EXT_blend_color",
+        "GL_EXT_framebuffer_blit",
+        "GL_ARB_point_sprite",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_env_add",
+        "GL_ARB_bindless_texture",
+        "GL_ARB_program_interface_query",
+        "GL_ARB_depth_texture",
+        "GL_ARB_get_program_binary",
+        "GL_EXT_rescale_normal",
+        "GL_ARB_debug_output",
+        "GL_EXT_draw_range_elements",
+        "GL_ARB_buffer_storage",
+        "GL_ARB_clear_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_cull_distance",
+        "WGL_EXT_swap_control",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_edge_clamp",
+        "GL_SGIS_generate_mipmap",
+        "GL_ARB_ES2_compatibility",
+        "GL_ARB_uniform_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_depth_clamp",
+        "GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects",
+        "GL_EXT_gpu_shader4",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_mirrored_repeat",
+        "GL_ARB_robustness_isolation",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_env_crossbar",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_objects",
+        "GL_EXT_blend_subtract",
+        "GL_ARB_explicit_attrib_location",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_shader_interlock",
+        "GL_ARB_gpu_shader_fp64",
+        "GL_ARB_enhanced_layouts",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_shuffle_relative",
+        "GL_NV_timeline_semaphore",
+        "GL_EXT_abgr",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_sRGB",
+        "GL_EXT_geometry_shader4",
+        "GL_ARB_instanced_arrays",
+        "GL_EXT_blend_equation_separate",
+        "GL_EXT_compiled_vertex_array",
+        "GL_ARB_conditional_render_inverted",
+        "GL_EXT_gpu_program_parameters",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store",
+        "GL_ARB_transpose_matrix",
+        "GL_ARB_cl_event",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_shader",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_storage_multisample",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_64bit",
+        "GL_EXT_bgra",
+        "GL_ARB_explicit_uniform_location",
+        "GL_EXT_timer_query",
+        "GL_SUN_multi_draw_arrays",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_env_combine",
+        "GL_KHR_debug",
+        "GL_ARB_tessellation_shader",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_group_vote",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_program",
+        "GL_ARB_gpu_shader5",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_env_add",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_env_combine",
+        "GL_INTEL_conservative_rasterization",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_vote",
+        "GL_ARB_clear_texture",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_swizzle",
+        "GL_ARB_copy_buffer",
+        "GL_EXT_direct_state_access",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_coord_conventions",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_quad",
+        "GL_ARB_provoking_vertex",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_snorm",
+        "GL_ARB_polygon_offset_clamp",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_subroutine",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_barrier",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_query_levels",
+        "GL_EXT_blend_minmax",
+        "GL_ARB_draw_buffers_blend",
+        "GL_EXT_memory_object",
+        "GL_EXT_clip_volume_hint",
+        "GL_AMD_depth_clamp_separate",
+        "GL_ARB_shadow",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_rectangle",
+        "GL_NV_texgen_reflection",
+        "GL_ARB_internalformat_query2",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_array",
+        "GL_ARB_gl_spirv",
+        "GL_ARB_internalformat_query",
+        "GL_EXT_packed_pixels",
+        "GL_ARB_compressed_texture_pixel_storage",
+        "GL_EXT_stencil_wrap",
+        "GL_ARB_multi_bind",
+        "GL_ARB_query_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_robust_buffer_access_behavior",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_array_bgra",
+        "GL_ATI_separate_stencil",
+        "GL_EXT_packed_float",
+        "GL_ARB_arrays_of_arrays",
+        "GL_ARB_shading_language_packing",
+        "GL_EXT_semaphore_win32",
+        "GL_ARB_pixel_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_clip_control",
+        "GL_ARB_blend_func_extended",
+        "GL_ARB_multitexture",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_precision",
+        "GL_ARB_map_buffer_alignment",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_attrib_binding",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_draw_instanced",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_rgb10_a2ui",
+        "GL_EXT_secondary_color",
+        "GL_ARB_derivative_control",
+        "GL_EXT_fog_coord",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_type_2_10_10_10_rev",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_array_object",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_layer_viewport",
+        "GL_ARB_sample_shading",
+        "GL_ARB_ES3_1_compatibility",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_texture_image_samples",
+        "GL_OVR_multiview",
+        "GL_EXT_texture3D",
+        "GL_ARB_framebuffer_object",
+        "GL_EXT_semaphore",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_stencil8",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_view",
+        "GL_KHR_no_error",
+        "GL_IBM_texture_mirrored_repeat",
+        "GL_ARB_framebuffer_sRGB",
+        "GL_NV_blend_square",
+        "GL_ARB_fragment_program_shadow",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_compression",
+        "GL_ARB_half_float_vertex",
+        "GL_EXT_draw_buffers2",
+        "GL_AMD_vertex_shader_layer",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_storage_buffer_object",
+        "GL_EXT_framebuffer_multisample",
+        "GL_KHR_blend_equation_advanced",
+        "GL_ARB_seamless_cube_map",
+        "GL_INTEL_performance_query",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_shader",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_buffer_object_rgb32",
+        "GL_KHR_context_flush_control",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_shared_exponent",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_cube_map_array",
+        "GL_NV_primitive_restart",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_mirror_clamp_to_edge",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_float",
+        "GL_ARB_timer_query",
+        "GL_EXT_depth_bounds_test",
+        "GL_ARB_depth_buffer_float",
+        "GL_3DFX_texture_compression_FXT1",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_integer",
+        "GL_KHR_texture_compression_astc_ldr",
+        "GL_ARB_sampler_objects",
+        "GL_ARB_transform_feedback2",
+        "GL_ARB_shading_language_100",
+        "GL_ARB_draw_indirect",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_image_size",
+        "GL_ARB_indirect_parameters",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_storage",
+        "GL_ARB_post_depth_coverage",
+        "GL_ARB_transform_feedback_instanced",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_program",
+        "GL_EXT_blend_func_separate",
+        "GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays",
+        "GL_ARB_spirv_extensions",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_sRGB_decode",
+        "GL_INTEL_multi_rate_fragment_shader",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_texture_lod",
+        "GL_EXT_shader_integer_mix",
+        "GL_WIN_swap_hint",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_storage",
+        "GL_ARB_stencil_texturing",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two",
+        "GL_ATI_meminfo",
+        "GL_ARB_point_parameters",
+        "GL_EXT_framebuffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_draw_buffers",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_gather",
+        "GL_ARB_compatibility",
+        "GL_ARB_vertex_buffer_object",
+        "GL_ARB_shader_stencil_export",
+        "GL_EXT_transform_feedback",
+        "GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias",
+        "GL_ARB_copy_image",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup",
+        "GL_KHR_shader_subgroup_arithmetic",
+        "GL_ARB_ES3_compatibility",
+        "GL_EXT_memory_object_win32",
+        "GL_EXT_polygon_offset_clamp",
+        "GL_ARB_texture_compression_rgtc",
+        "GL_ARB_occlusion_query2",
+    }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_core::instance] Adapter Vulkan AdapterInfo { name: "Intel(R) UHD Graphics", vendor: 32902, device: 42785, device_type: IntegratedGpu, driver: "Intel Corporation", driver_info: "101.7084", backend: Vulkan }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_hal::vulkan::adapter] Supported extensions: ["VK_KHR_swapchain", "VK_KHR_swapchain_mutable_format", "VK_EXT_robustness2"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Inserted device layer "VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK" (C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	vkCreateDevice layer callstack setup to:
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Application>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Loader>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Type: Implicit
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Enabled By: Implicit Layer
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	               Disable Env Var:  DISABLE_VULKAN_OBS_CAPTURE
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Manifest: C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Library:  C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Device>
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	       Using "Intel(R) UHD Graphics" with driver: "C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\.\igvk64.dll"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x1faeef2cf80, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::device::global] configuring surface with SurfaceConfiguration { usage: TextureUsages(RENDER_ATTACHMENT), format: Bgra8Unorm, width: 1800, height: 1200, present_mode: AutoVsync, desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2, alpha_mode: Opaque, view_formats: [] }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::device::resource] Create view for Texture with 'glyph_atlas' label filters usages to TextureUses(RESOURCE)
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG wgpu_core::resource] Buffer with 'uniforms' label map state -> Idle
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [0] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [1] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [2] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [3] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [4] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [5] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [6] = Literal(AbstractInt(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [7] = Literal(I32(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [8] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [9] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [10] = Literal(AbstractInt(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [11] = Literal(I32(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [12] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [13] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [14] = Literal(AbstractInt(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [15] = Literal(I32(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [16] = Literal(AbstractInt(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [17] = Literal(I32(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [18] = Literal(AbstractInt(3)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [19] = Literal(I32(3)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [20] = Literal(AbstractInt(4)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [21] = Literal(I32(4)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [22] = Literal(AbstractInt(5)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [23] = Literal(I32(5)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [24] = Literal(AbstractInt(6)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [25] = Literal(I32(6)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [26] = Literal(AbstractInt(7)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [27] = Literal(I32(7)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [28] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [29] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [30] = Literal(AbstractInt(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [31] = Literal(I32(1)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [32] = Literal(AbstractInt(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [33] = Literal(I32(2)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [34] = Literal(AbstractInt(3)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [35] = Literal(I32(3)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [36] = Literal(AbstractInt(4)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [0] = FunctionArgument(0) : Handle([4])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [1] = FunctionArgument(1) : Handle([7])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [2] = LocalVariable([0]) : Value(Pointer { base: [8], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [3] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 0 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [4] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 0 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [5] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 1 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["vec2<f32>", "vec2<f32>"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [6] = Binary { op: Multiply, left: [4], right: [5] } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["vec2<f32>", "vec2<f32>"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [7] = Binary { op: Add, left: [3], right: [6] } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [8] = AccessIndex { base: [7], index: 0 } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [9] = GlobalVariable([0]) : Value(Pointer { base: [1], space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [10] = AccessIndex { base: [9], index: 0 } : Value(Pointer { base: [0], space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [11] = AccessIndex { base: [10], index: 0 } : Value(ValuePointer { size: None, scalar: Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }, space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [12] = Load { pointer: [11] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "f32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [13] = Binary { op: Divide, left: [8], right: [12] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [14] = Literal(AbstractFloat(2.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [15] = Literal(F32(2.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [16] = Binary { op: Multiply, left: [13], right: [15] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [17] = Literal(AbstractFloat(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [18] = Literal(F32(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [19] = Binary { op: Subtract, left: [16], right: [18] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [20] = AccessIndex { base: [7], index: 1 } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [21] = GlobalVariable([0]) : Value(Pointer { base: [1], space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [22] = AccessIndex { base: [21], index: 0 } : Value(Pointer { base: [0], space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [23] = AccessIndex { base: [22], index: 1 } : Value(ValuePointer { size: None, scalar: Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }, space: Uniform })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [24] = Load { pointer: [23] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "f32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [25] = Binary { op: Divide, left: [20], right: [24] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [26] = Unary { op: Negate, expr: [25] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [27] = Literal(AbstractFloat(2.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [28] = Literal(F32(2.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [29] = Binary { op: Multiply, left: [26], right: [28] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [30] = Literal(AbstractFloat(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [31] = Literal(F32(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [32] = Binary { op: Add, left: [29], right: [31] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [33] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 0 } : Value(Pointer { base: [5], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [34] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [35] = Literal(AbstractFloat(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [36] = Literal(F32(0.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [37] = Literal(F32(1.0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [38] = Compose { ty: [5], components: [[19], [32], [36], [37]] } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [39] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 1 } : Value(Pointer { base: [0], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [40] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 2 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [41] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 0 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [42] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 3 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["vec2<f32>", "vec2<f32>"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [43] = Binary { op: Multiply, left: [41], right: [42] } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["vec2<f32>", "vec2<f32>"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [44] = Binary { op: Add, left: [40], right: [43] } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [45] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 2 } : Value(Pointer { base: [5], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [46] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 4 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [47] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 3 } : Value(Pointer { base: [5], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [48] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 5 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [49] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 4 } : Value(Pointer { base: [0], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [50] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 0 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [51] = AccessIndex { base: [2], index: 5 } : Value(Pointer { base: [6], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [52] = AccessIndex { base: [1], index: 6 } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [53] = Load { pointer: [2] } : Handle([8])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [37] = Literal(I32(4)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [38] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [0] = FunctionArgument(0) : Handle([8])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [1] = GlobalVariable([1]) : Handle([2])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [2] = GlobalVariable([2]) : Handle([3])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [3] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 1 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [4] = ImageSample { image: [1], sampler: [2], gather: None, coordinate: [3], array_index: None, offset: None, level: Auto, depth_ref: None } : Value(Vector { size: Quad, scalar: Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 } })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [5] = AccessIndex { base: [4], index: 0 } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [6] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 3 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [7] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 2 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [8] = Math { fun: Mix, arg: [6], arg1: Some([7]), arg2: Some([5]), arg3: None } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [9] = LocalVariable([0]) : Value(Pointer { base: [5], space: Function })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [10] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 4 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [11] = AccessIndex { base: [10], index: 1 } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [12] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 5 } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [13] = Literal(U32(8)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [14] = Binary { op: And, left: [12], right: [13] } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [15] = Literal(U32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [16] = Binary { op: NotEqual, left: [14], right: [15] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [17] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.84)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [18] = Literal(F32(0.84)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [19] = Binary { op: Greater, left: [11], right: [18] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [20] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [16], right: [19] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [21] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 2 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [22] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 5 } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [23] = Literal(U32(16)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [24] = Binary { op: And, left: [22], right: [23] } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [25] = Literal(U32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [26] = Binary { op: NotEqual, left: [24], right: [25] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [27] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.74)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [28] = Literal(F32(0.74)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [29] = Binary { op: Greater, left: [11], right: [28] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [30] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.8)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [31] = Literal(F32(0.8)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [32] = Binary { op: Less, left: [11], right: [31] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [33] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [29], right: [32] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [34] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.88)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [35] = Literal(F32(0.88)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [36] = Binary { op: Greater, left: [11], right: [35] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [37] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.94)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [38] = Literal(F32(0.94)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [39] = Binary { op: Less, left: [11], right: [38] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [40] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [36], right: [39] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [41] = Binary { op: LogicalOr, left: [33], right: [40] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [42] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [26], right: [41] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [43] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 2 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [44] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 5 } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [45] = Literal(U32(256)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [46] = Binary { op: And, left: [44], right: [45] } : Handle([6])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [47] = Literal(U32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Uint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["u32", "u32"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "u32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [48] = Binary { op: NotEqual, left: [46], right: [47] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [49] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.44)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [50] = Literal(F32(0.44)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [51] = Binary { op: Greater, left: [11], right: [50] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [52] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [48], right: [51] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [53] = Literal(AbstractFloat(0.54)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractFloat, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["f32", "{AbstractFloat}"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "f32"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [54] = Literal(F32(0.54)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [55] = Binary { op: Less, left: [11], right: [54] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion] wgsl automatic_conversion_consensus: ["bool", "bool"]
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front::wgsl::lower::conversion]     consensus: "bool"
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [56] = Binary { op: LogicalAnd, left: [52], right: [55] } : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Bool, width: 1 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [57] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 2 } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [58] = Load { pointer: [9] } : Handle([5])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [39] = Literal(I32(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: Sint, width: 4 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [40] = Literal(AbstractInt(0)) : Value(Scalar(Scalar { kind: AbstractInt, width: 8 }))
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [0] = FunctionArgument(0) : Handle([8])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [1] = GlobalVariable([1]) : Handle([2])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [2] = GlobalVariable([2]) : Handle([3])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [3] = AccessIndex { base: [0], index: 1 } : Handle([0])
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::front] Resolving [4] = ImageSample { image: [1], sampler: [2], gather: None, coordinate: [3], array_index: None, offset: None, level: Auto, depth_ref: None } : Value(Vector { size: Quad, scalar: Scalar { kind: Float, width: 4 } })
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::valid::interface] var GlobalVariable { name: Some("uniforms"), space: Uniform, binding: Some(ResourceBinding { group: 0, binding: 0 }), ty: [1], init: None }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::valid::interface] var GlobalVariable { name: Some("atlas_tex"), space: Handle, binding: Some(ResourceBinding { group: 0, binding: 1 }), ty: [2], init: None }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::valid::interface] var GlobalVariable { name: Some("atlas_smp"), space: Handle, binding: Some(ResourceBinding { group: 0, binding: 2 }), ty: [3], init: None }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::valid::function] var LocalVariable { name: Some("out"), ty: [8], init: None }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z DEBUG naga::valid::function] var LocalVariable { name: Some("color"), ty: [5], init: None }
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z ERROR wgpu_core::device::global] Device::create_render_pipeline error: Error matching ShaderStages(VERTEX) shader requirements against the pipeline
+[2026-06-09T07:39:17Z ERROR wgpu::backend::wgpu_core] Handling wgpu errors as fatal by default
+
+thread 'main' (24148) panicked at C:\Users\DG2210\.cargo\registry\src\index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f\wgpu-22.1.0\src\backend\wgpu_core.rs:3411:5:
+wgpu error: Validation Error
+
+Caused by:
+  In Device::create_render_pipeline, label = 'kitty_pipeline'
+    Error matching ShaderStages(VERTEX) shader requirements against the pipeline
+      Location[7] Uint32 interpolated as Some(Flat) with sampling None is not provided by the previous stage outputs
+        Input is not provided by the earlier stage in the pipeline
+
+
+note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
diff --git a/winiterm/winiterm_startup2.log b/winiterm/winiterm_startup2.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66103da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/winiterm/winiterm_startup2.log
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] InstanceFlags::VALIDATION requested, but unable to find layer: VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	No valid vk_loader_settings.json file found, no loader settings will be active
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_app_package_manifest_path: Failed to find mapping layers packages by family name
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Layer Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ImplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: opening device PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_A721&SUBSYS_8B7C103C&REV_04\3&11583659&0&10
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(1) Does not contain a value for "VulkanImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 2 - SWD\DRIVERENUM\IGS&4&168EC99&0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(2) Does not contain a value for "VulkanImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 3 - DISPLAY\LGD071E\4&168EC99&0&UID8388688
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 4 - DISPLAY\PHL095C\4&168EC99&0&UID8261
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: found no registry files
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Located json file "C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json" from registry "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ImplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found manifest file C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json (file version 1.1.2)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Layer Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ExplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: opening device PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_A721&SUBSYS_8B7C103C&REV_04\3&11583659&0&10
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(1) Does not contain a value for "VulkanExplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 2 - SWD\DRIVERENUM\IGS&4&168EC99&0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_entry: Device ID(2) Does not contain a value for "VulkanExplicitLayers"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 3 - DISPLAY\LGD071E\4&168EC99&0&UID8388688
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: Opening child device 4 - DISPLAY\PHL095C\4&168EC99&0&UID8261
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_device_registry_files: found no registry files
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found no registry files in HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\ExplicitLayers
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_read_data_files_in_registry: Registry lookup failed to get layer manifest files.
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z WARN  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_get_app_package_manifest_path: Failed to find mapping layers packages by family name
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Checking for Driver Manifest files in Registry at HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\Drivers
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	windows_add_json_entry: Located json file "C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\igvk64.json" from PnP registry: E
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found no registry files in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Khronos\Vulkan\Drivers
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Found ICD manifest file C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\igvk64.json, version 1.0.0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Insert instance layer "VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK" (C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	vkCreateInstance layer callstack setup to:
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Application>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Loader>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Type: Implicit
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Enabled By: Implicit Layer
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	               Disable Env Var:  DISABLE_VULKAN_OBS_CAPTURE
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Manifest: C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Library:  C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Drivers>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] Enabling debug utils
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_core::instance] Adapter Vulkan AdapterInfo { name: "Intel(R) UHD Graphics", vendor: 32902, device: 42785, device_type: IntegratedGpu, driver: "Intel Corporation", driver_info: "101.7084", backend: Vulkan }
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	Inserted device layer "VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK" (C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	vkCreateDevice layer callstack setup to:
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Application>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Loader>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   VK_LAYER_OBS_HOOK
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Type: Implicit
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Enabled By: Implicit Layer
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	               Disable Env Var:  DISABLE_VULKAN_OBS_CAPTURE
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Manifest: C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\obs-vulkan64.json
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	           Library:  C:\ProgramData\obs-studio-hook\.\graphics-hook64.dll
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	     ||
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	   <Device>
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] GENERAL [Loader Message (0x0)]
+    	       Using "Intel(R) UHD Graphics" with driver: "C:\WINDOWS\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\iigd_dch.inf_amd64_0eac281dc2d07a5f\.\igvk64.dll"
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_hal::vulkan::instance] 	objects: (type: INSTANCE, hndl: 0x21acf720e00, name: ?)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:00Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::pty::windows] spawning shell: "cmd.exe" cols=120 rows=41
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::workspace] initial shell spawned (pid=24452)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::workspace] workspace created, pane count = 1
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::pty::windows] child_exited: exit_code=3221225794
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::pane] pane 0 is_dead=true (pty_present=true)
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::workspace] removing dead pane 0
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::app] all panes dead — exiting
+[2026-06-09T07:43:01Z INFO  winiterm::app] all panes dead — exiting
+[2026-06-09T07:43:02Z INFO  wgpu_core::device::resource] Device::maintain: waiting for submission index 0
diff --git a/winiterm/winiterm_startup3.log b/winiterm/winiterm_startup3.log
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29